Английский для бакалавров. Зарубина Л.П - 34 стр.

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34
2) Hertz b) the invention of the triode
3) A. Popov and Marconi c) four equations for electro-magnetic calculations
4) De Forest d) electromagnetic radiation
5) Bardeen, Brattain and
Shockley
e) wireless communication system
6) Kilby and Noyce f) the transistor
VII. Retell the text ‘Electronics in the Industrial Age’.
VIII. Read the following text without a dictionary. Try to understand it.
The path to Popov’s great discovery was marked by the investigations of many
scientists in different countries.
Popov’s scientific accomplishment was the culmination of the efforts of several
generations of scientists, whose works make up the early history of radio which be-
gan with the investigations of Faraday. Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic rota-
tion and electromagnetic induction laid the foundation of present-day electrical en-
gineering.
His natural-scientific conceptions created a revolution in the understanding of
electrical phenomena, and are extremely important because they directed all attention
to the medium surrounding the electrified body. Faraday’s theory of magnetic and
electric lines of force proved to be exceedingly fruitful, and served as a starting point
for J. C. Maxwell to deduce mathematically (and Hertz to detect experimentally) the
existence of free electric waves. Later it was found that as early as 1832 Faraday
himself was close to what triumphed in science more than half a century later.
Faraday’s scientific views were developed by his successor Maxwell, who
worked in many fields of physics, mechanics, and even astronomy. However, his
chief works are investigations in electromagnetism and in the kinetic theory of gases.
Continuing Faraday’s work, Maxwell subjected his ideas to mathematical treatment
and arrived at far-reaching conclusions when he advanced the electromagnetic theory
of light, one of the greatest achievements of science of the 19
th
century. Maxwell
considered light to be an electromagnetic phenomenon; he predicted mathematically
that electric waves ought to propagate at a velocity equal to the ratio of electromag-
netic and electrostatic units; as we know, this value coincides with the velocity of
light (approximately 300,000 km. a second).
Of extraordinary value to radio was Maxwell’s conception of free electromag-
netic waves, whose real existence was proved to the scientific world by the experi-
mental investigations of Hertz. But this was a whole decade after the death of J. Clerk
Maxwell who did not live to see his views accepted.
Deeply convinced of the truth of the Faraday-Maxwell theory, Hertz set himself
the task of proving experimentally the existence of free electromagnetic waves; he
established the fact that they are governed by the same laws (reflection, refraction
and polarization) as light waves. One of the most brilliant experimenters in the his-
tory of natural science (let us not forget that he had not yet reached the age of 37
when he died), Hertz made experiments that served as a basis for the invention of

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