Английский язык. Зайцева И.А. - 5 стр.

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5
Ex. 9. Before reading Text A make sure you understand the main terms of Electronics. Match
line A with line B and translate the terms’ definitions:
A B
1) a relay, a) a small electrical apparatus used in radios,
televisions, etc. for controlling the flow of
electrical current;
2) a signal, b) any number under ten;
3) telecommunications, c) a device by which electric current flowing in
one circuit can open or close current in a second
circuit;
4) a transistor, d) a vacuum tube or semiconductor device used
as a rectifier (выпрямитель);
5) a diode, e) various methods of receiving and sending
messages by telephone or telegraph, either by
radio signals or by wires;
6) a digit. f) a sound, image, or message sent by waves, as
in radio or television; a railway apparatus near
the track to direct train drivers.
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RAILWAY SIGNALING
No department of railways has been more developed by modern technology than signaling and
telecommunications. Color light signals, electrical operation of signals and points, track-circuiting, route-setting
panel control, automatic train operation, computer-based centralized traffic control (CTC) – these are the basic
elements of up-to-date signaling.
The method of operating long railway lines by CTC began in the USA in 1927. The principle is that at
the central point the operator has a diagram showing him where every train is and he can control the whole
section of the line – possibly of two or three hundred miles – from his control console. The operator can see and
control the overall track circuit. On modern railways the main line and station approaches are controlled from a
single control center to provide regular traffic and avoid delays.
To control a whole trunk line from one place a single control centre was first introduced in Japan, on the
New Tokaido Line. The entire line between Tokyo and Osaka is wholly controlled from the general control
center located in Tokyo. It’s well-known that conventional CTC uses conventional relays. Practical railway
experience shows that it takes much time to transmit information therefore the Japanese National Railways
have developed a new system using transistors and diodes. This system proves to be more reliable; besides that
it is more economical because it helps to save time: it takes about one second to scan indications for all tracks.
At present up-to-date electronic equipment including a digital computer is widely used to automate train
operation and to improve the quality of railway service.
Ex. 10. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. Do railway signaling and communications have the most advanced technologies and equipment?
2. What are the basic elements of up-to-date signaling? Which of them is the latest one? What’s your opinion
on the subject?
3. What does the abbreviation CTC mean?
4. What country was the first to use CTC on its railways?
5. What kind of a diagram does the operator have on his (her) control console?
6. How long may be the section of the main line controlled from the single control centre?
7. What approaches are controlled from a single control centre?
8. Why is CTC so important for railways?
9. What railways began to control a whole trunk line by means of CTC?
10. What devices had been used to transmit information before the Japanese National Railways developed a
new system using transistors and diodes?
11. Why are transistors and diodes more reliable than relays?

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