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study and entered the University. 9. If you are a teacher you get your salary, but if you are a technical worker
you get your wage. 10. This magazine always publishes the fullest reports on the latest events on modern
science and technology.
Ex. 9. Choose the correct tense form of Continuous: either Active or Passive. The first one is done
for you.
1. Two men (are being questioned / are questioning) at the police station tonight in connection with
last week’s armed robbery. 2. My friends (are traveling / are being traveled) to the South these days.
Meanwhile, their doggie (is being looked / is looking) after by their neighbour. 3. Lorry-driver Albert Whittaker
had a lucky escape this afternoon when a concrete block, which (was loading / was being loaded) on to his
lorry, fell off and landed inches from his feet. 4. What (was being displayed / was displaying) in the Pushkin
Museum when you visited it? 5. Mum (was watching / was being watched) some stupid film after dinner, so she
made me washing up. 6. I think we (are following / are being followed). 7. The police have found the people
they (were looking / were being looked) for. 8. Jane (was waiting / was being waited) for me when I arrived.
9. How fast (were you driving / were you being driven) when the accident happened? 10. Was Carol at the party
last night? – Yes, she (was wearing / was being worn) a really nice dress! 11. I haven’t seen Alan for ages.
When I last saw him, he (was being tried / was trying) to find a job in London.
Ex. 10. Use the Passive Voice with the modal verb must instead of the Active Voice as in the
example:
You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike. → A helmet must be worn when you ride a
motorbike.
1. You must not take responsibility for this job because you are not as experienced as your colleague.
2. The secretary must send this important message by fax. 3. The company must appraise the performance of
their employees once a month. 4. Everybody must pay their taxes. 5. Your relatives must view this situation
from a different point. 6. The students must submit their term papers by the end of the week. 7. The sales
manager must control the quality of consumer goods sold in this supermarket. 8. You must not miss your
English lessons! 9. The factory must recycle their wastes to provide environment protection. 10. You must not
take this book away from the library because it’s a unique copy.
Read the text and translate it with a dictionary if necessary.
SIGNALING TECHNOLOGY
(1) Signaling technology has undergone the same revolution as telecommunications. Availability of
powerful computer equipment and rapid information exchange techniques have led to more sophisticated
signaling systems. These systems are not only able to drive the train, but decide when is the optimum time to
brake, coast or accelerate for maximum energy efficiency. These abilities have allowed on-board computers to
provide much more necessary information for a driver which was impossible some years ago.
(2) On the one hand, with the exception of some newly constructed lines, the cost of providing
continuous data exchange between track and train can be high. On the other hand, up-to-date signaling systems
help to save time which is of great importance for train operation. Secure coding of information has increased
the effectiveness of intermittent ATC and increased the quantity of data that can be handled.
(3) Although developed for metro lines, various components of ATC are increasingly being applied to
main lines, because they provide automatic train protection, control and operation.
(4) Needless to say that safety has become a political question, forcing a reappraisal of what level of
signaling technology is required. More and more practical railway engineers realize that ATC is essential for
safe operation, even though statistics do not always support this view.
(5) Introduction of ATC is important from economic point of view. Thus, in metro driverless operation
may help to save labour costs¹.
(6) It’s quite clear that no modern railway can exist without ATC. Nevertheless, introduction of this
system is not such an easy task as it may seem at first sight. At present it’s a headache for many European
railways. As we know many more high-speed railway lines are being constructed, more and more trains are
being designed and produced specially for cross-border operation. All this makes operators’ work more
responsible and nervous. New up-to-date ATC facilities must be installed, and their design, manufacture and
installation require great expenses. But this work must be done, because to benefit from ATC system railways
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