Architecture. Зайцева И.В. - 11 стр.

       Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own
ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to
human being. One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both
conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the
possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals
against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.
       Interior control. The control of the environment through the design of the plan
and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete since extremes of heat and cold,
light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the
planning of spaces and by conditioning devices.
       Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of
interior spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed
for floors, walls, ceilings, and furnishings.
       Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods
have become basic parts of the architectural program.
       Planning for use. While environmental planning producer comfort for the senses
(sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes ( respiration), planning for use or function is
concerned with convenience of movement and rest.
       Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within
a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of
the culture and the habits and activities of the individual patrons. A primitive house has
a single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has a separate areas for cooking,
eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation. A meeting-houses with a single hall
is sufficient for Quaker religious services, while a Roman Catholic cathedral may
require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory.
       Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and
labour. In each case they are high when the commodity is scare and low when it is
abundant, and they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive.
       When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the
space that otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient Roman
insula (apartment houses) or the modern skyscraper. When the choice of materials is
influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning
procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials. High
labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, consequently, of materials.

Notes to the text:

hindrance                                                                     помеха
mold                                                                         плесень
nave                                                                             неф
aisle                                                                    боковой неф
apse                                                                          апсида
chapel                                                                       часовня
crypt                                                                           склеп
sacristy                                                                     ризница
ambulatory                                                             крытая галерея