Методические указания по теме "Моя специальность" для студентов 2 курса архитектурно-строительного факультета. Анашкина Л.А - 19 стр.

access                                        доступ
to handle                                     обращаться, относиться
bold                                          смелый
to achieve                                    достигать
traffic circle                                кольцевая дорога
pedestrian                                    пешеход
uniform                                       одинаковый, однородный
to submit                                     подчиняться
imprint                                       отпечаток
curved                                        извилистый


      Text. City Architecture

    (1) Any community consists of examples of architecture but in another sense the
community itself is the form of architectural planning. A true community grows and
changes, and its change is a symptom of its life.
    (2) In Europe and in the original settlements of North and South America the
modern city grew up around an older core, and down to our days these cores have
continued to have a powerful influence on new plans. Certain urban lay-outs which
have been repeated automatically are still looked upon as standard forms.
    (3) The medieval town was a combination of camp, market, and sanctuary. The
necessity for protection colored all its institutions, dictated the use of a defensive site
on hillside or waterside. It led to the erection of walls separating the town from the
country and allowing access only through guarded gates. The social functions of the
medieval town were concentrated in a square. Medieval builders, in their handling of
space and their bold contrasting of horizontal and vertical, still have something to
teach the twentieth-century architect who knows no way of achieving height except
by erecting skyscrapers.
    (4) The Baroque (or so-called Renaissance) city was formulated in the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries and was actually built in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. In the Baroque plan the old medieval market square is transformed into the
traffic circle which the pedestrian crosses at a great risk. The focus of this plan is no
longer the church but the palace, the seat of a one-sided, despotic power. In contrast
with the medieval town, the Baroque city demands flat sites, straight continuous
streets, and uniform building and roof lines. It was built for armies and wheeled
vehicles. The typical Baroque form might be called the parade city: not only its
soldiers but also its citizens and its buildings are on parade. Whatever is visible must
submit to this geometry; the city is organized for show.
    (5) The Baroque plan, unlike the medieval, left a deep imprint on later
generations; it became standard throughout Western civilization. This style preferred
straight streets to curved ones ignoring the topography.

      3.2 Упражнения к тексту
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