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In load-bearing-wall construcilon. the walls transmit the load to the foundation.
In skeleton construction, all loads are transmitted to the foundation by a rigidly
constructed framework made up of beans, girders and columns. This skeleton carries
the roof, walls, and floors, together with their loads. Load-bearing-wall construction
is usually most economical for buildings less than four storeys high, but skeleton
construction is better for taller buildings. All buildings in the skyscraper class are of
skeleton construction. The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10-
storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was
the world's first skyscraper.
Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and curtain
walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a building or to
keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include windows, doors, stairs,
and lifts.
In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall panels
are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into position. Lift-slab
construction may be used for positioning roof and floor slabs. These slabs are
formed with concrete at ground level, within the framework of the building. They are
then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks.
Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones support the
body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the weight of the walls
and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run horizontally. Girders are
usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are called joists, especially in
wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that brace rafters or girders and help
provide the structure to support roofs. Beams above windowand door openings are
called lintels. Slabs are beams whose width is greater than their depth.
Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and girders.
Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in triangular
patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large distances with relatively
small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports that usually extend over
openings.
Text 3. Prefabricated Construction
Prefabrication has become an important part of most types of building
construction. Prefabricated sections of a building are produced in large quantities in a
factory and then shipped to various construction sites. This procedure may allow
work to continue despite poor weather conditions and should reduce any waste in
time and material at the site. As a result, costs are lowered and construction time
decreases.
Many types of building sections can be prefabricated. For example, entire walls
may be prefabricated for a wooden-frame house. Huge wooden arches are
prefabricated for use as supports in churches, gymnasiums, and other buildings.
28
In load-bearing-wall construcilon. the walls transmit the load to the foundation.
In skeleton construction, all loads are transmitted to the foundation by a rigidly
constructed framework made up of beans, girders and columns. This skeleton carries
the roof, walls, and floors, together with their loads. Load-bearing-wall construction
is usually most economical for buildings less than four storeys high, but skeleton
construction is better for taller buildings. All buildings in the skyscraper class are of
skeleton construction. The first building to have skeleton construction was the 10-
storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. Completed in 1885, this building was
the world's first skyscraper.
Many parts of a building have no structural function. Partition walls and curtain
walls carry only their own weight and serve to divide the interior of a building or to
keep out the elements. Other nonload-bearing parts include windows, doors, stairs,
and lifts.
In one method of construction, called tilt-up construction, concrete wall panels
are formed at ground level. Cranes or derricks then lift them into position. Lift-slab
construction may be used for positioning roof and floor slabs. These slabs are
formed with concrete at ground level, within the framework of the building. They are
then lifted into place using hydraulic jacks.
Beams, girders, and columns support a building much like bones support the
body. They form the skeleton of the superstructure, and bear the weight of the walls
and each floor of the building. Beams and girders run horizontally. Girders are
usually larger than beams. Closely spaced beams are called joists, especially in
wooden buildings. Purlins are small beams that brace rafters or girders and help
provide the structure to support roofs. Beams above windowand door openings are
called lintels. Slabs are beams whose width is greater than their depth.
Columns are heavy vertical supports that carry the load of beams and girders.
Trusses consist of many wood or steel supports that are connected in triangular
patterns. They provide the strength and rigidity to span large distances with relatively
small amounts of material. Arches are curved supports that usually extend over
openings.
Text 3. Prefabricated Construction
Prefabrication has become an important part of most types of building
construction. Prefabricated sections of a building are produced in large quantities in a
factory and then shipped to various construction sites. This procedure may allow
work to continue despite poor weather conditions and should reduce any waste in
time and material at the site. As a result, costs are lowered and construction time
decreases.
Many types of building sections can be prefabricated. For example, entire walls
may be prefabricated for a wooden-frame house. Huge wooden arches are
prefabricated for use as supports in churches, gymnasiums, and other buildings.
28
