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Concrete beams, floors, roofs, and wall panels may be precast for many types of
structures. Entire buildings may be constructed in a factory and then transported to
the desired location.
Prefabricated structures are sometimes made by a process called modular
construction, first used in Japan. Modular construction refers to the use of a standard
measurement as the basis for all building materials. The size of the module may vary
considerably from country to country. In the United States, the basic module is 10
centimetres. All building parts are designed so that each dimension equals this
measurement. Modular parts are also used in buildings that are not prefabricated.
Text 4. Building Stone
Building stone ranks in importance with steel as a construction material. Stone is
used for the foundations, walls, and steps of buildings, for the support of piers and
bridges, and for finishing and decorating all types of structures. Crushed stone
accounts for most building stone used in construction. Crushed stone is quarried stone
crushed into small pieces suitable for such uses as the surfacing of roads and
industrial construction.
Dimension stone is stone in natural blocks or slabs cut in definite shapes and
sizes. Builders expect good dimension stone to last at least a hundred years. The best
dimension stone has the fewest pores or air cells, making it able to resist the wearing
effects of weather. Stone with large, open pores will chip off if water freezes and
expands in the pores. Dimension stone includes granite, limestone, sandstone, marble
and slate.
Granite is one of the strongest of all the building stones. However, it is difficult to
cut and handle because it is extremely hard. It is used extensively in the construction
of public buildings. Granite can be polished to a glossy finish, and is an excellent
background for carvings and lettering.
Limestone is a hard and lasting building stone that can be cut easily and shaped
with saws, planes, and even lathes. These buff or gray stones are sometimes placed
over the rough stonework of a building to make an attractive surface. Limestone is
also used to tile floors, and for sills, steps and trimming.
Marble is the most elegant building stone. Pure marble is white, streaked with
veins of black, gray, green, pink, red, and yellow. Builders use marble to make
monuments and tombstones, and to decorate stairways, hearths, floors, and panelling.
Slate is fine-grained rock that can be split easily into thin slabs and used for
roofing shingles and flagstone flooring.
Text 5. Constructing a skyscraper
New methods in the design and construction of skyscrapers have been closely
related to the development of computers. Engineers use computers to solve the
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Concrete beams, floors, roofs, and wall panels may be precast for many types of
structures. Entire buildings may be constructed in a factory and then transported to
the desired location.
Prefabricated structures are sometimes made by a process called modular
construction, first used in Japan. Modular construction refers to the use of a standard
measurement as the basis for all building materials. The size of the module may vary
considerably from country to country. In the United States, the basic module is 10
centimetres. All building parts are designed so that each dimension equals this
measurement. Modular parts are also used in buildings that are not prefabricated.
Text 4. Building Stone
Building stone ranks in importance with steel as a construction material. Stone is
used for the foundations, walls, and steps of buildings, for the support of piers and
bridges, and for finishing and decorating all types of structures. Crushed stone
accounts for most building stone used in construction. Crushed stone is quarried stone
crushed into small pieces suitable for such uses as the surfacing of roads and
industrial construction.
Dimension stone is stone in natural blocks or slabs cut in definite shapes and
sizes. Builders expect good dimension stone to last at least a hundred years. The best
dimension stone has the fewest pores or air cells, making it able to resist the wearing
effects of weather. Stone with large, open pores will chip off if water freezes and
expands in the pores. Dimension stone includes granite, limestone, sandstone, marble
and slate.
Granite is one of the strongest of all the building stones. However, it is difficult to
cut and handle because it is extremely hard. It is used extensively in the construction
of public buildings. Granite can be polished to a glossy finish, and is an excellent
background for carvings and lettering.
Limestone is a hard and lasting building stone that can be cut easily and shaped
with saws, planes, and even lathes. These buff or gray stones are sometimes placed
over the rough stonework of a building to make an attractive surface. Limestone is
also used to tile floors, and for sills, steps and trimming.
Marble is the most elegant building stone. Pure marble is white, streaked with
veins of black, gray, green, pink, red, and yellow. Builders use marble to make
monuments and tombstones, and to decorate stairways, hearths, floors, and panelling.
Slate is fine-grained rock that can be split easily into thin slabs and used for
roofing shingles and flagstone flooring.
Text 5. Constructing a skyscraper
New methods in the design and construction of skyscrapers have been closely
related to the development of computers. Engineers use computers to solve the
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