Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 28 стр.

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28
c) What was the first step in the development of automaton?
d) What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated
system of production?
e) What is feedback principle?
f) What is FMS?
Automation
Automation
1
is the system of manufacture performing certain
tasks, previously
2
done by people, by machines only. The
sequences
3
of operations are controlled automatically. The most
familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant
4
for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe
nonmanufacturing
5
systems in which automatic devices
6
can
operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic
pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems
are used to perform various operations much faster and better than
could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its
development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the
development of automation. The simplification of work made it
possible to design and build machines that resembled
7
the motions of
the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had
better production efficiency
8
.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple
tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely
used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work
pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an
integrated system of production. This method of production was
adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit
automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control
mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The
feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early
example is the flyball governor
9
, invented in 1788 by James Watt to
control the speed of the steam engine
10
. The common household
thermostat
11
is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up,
slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These
operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production
operations.
85
Now I come to ...
On the contrary ...
On the one hand ..., on the other hand ...
Primarily ...
This is indeed the case when ...
This in turn implies ...
This is particularly true for ...
IV. Closing Paper Speech Patterns
Since I am running out of time ...
As my time is running out...
Before I close I would like to emphasize the importance of ...
Finally I want to say a few words about ...
I end this paper with a description of ...
I leave it to you to judge ...
In closing I want to mention very briefly …
In conclusion, let me say ...
In conclusion, may I repeat... .
Summing up, I would like to ...
The last part of my talk will be devoted to ...
To all this must be added that...
V. Formulas for Scientific Communication.
Practice the following phrases in scientific problem discussion.
Establishing
Contacts
I’m glad you’ve asked me that question.
Agreeing
Yes, indeed.
I think you are entirely right.
It appears to me to be true.
I agree that...
That's just what I think.
Disagreeing
I am arguing against...
I would object just a little...
I object to...
I wish I could agree with you but...
Expressing surprise
It is rather surprising...
It is unbelievable...
I am puzzled by...
I wonder about...
I find it hard to believe that...

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