Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 42 стр.

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42
27. output hardware — выходные устройства отображения
информации
28. printer — принтер
29. modem — модем
30. lap — колени
31. CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор
1. Are the following statements true or false? Prove your
answers.
1) Computer is an electronic device therefore hardware is a
system of electronic devices.
2) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and
convert it into a form suitable for computer processing.
3) Scanner is used to input graphics only.
4) The purpose of processing hardware is to retrieve, interpret
and direct the execution of software instructions provided to
the computer.
5) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on
paper.
6) User is unable to change the contents of ROM.
7) 5.25" floppy disks are used more often because they are
flexible and have more capacity than 3.5" disks.
8) Printer is a processing hardware because its purpose is to
show the information produced by the system.
9) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the
transmission of data from one computer to another via
telephone or other communication lines.
10) The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer
instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and
retrieve them when needed for processing.
2. Match the following words with the given definition: processor,
keyboard, mouse, floppy-disk, hard-disk, modem, monitor, ROM,
RAM.
a) nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold
programmed instructions to the system;
b) the part of a television or computer on which a picture is
formed or information is displayed;
c) rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer
programs and relatively large amounts of data;
d) an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of
data to or from computer via telephone or other
communication lines;
71
system serves the purpose of holding either information, that the
computer will need, or information, that the computer has already
generated, which will be utilized in the future. In other words, the
memory of a microcomputer is used for storing the program and the
data. There are two basic types of memory, namely read/write memory
whose contents can be altered by writing new information into it and
read-only memory (ROM) whose contents are fixed. Read/write
memory is usually exclusively referred to as random-access memory
(RAM) for historical reasons, although strictly speaking most modern
read-only memories can also be accessed in a random order and
therefore qualify for such a description. Random means that any one
of the different memory locations can be written into or read from with
equal ease and that it takes the same amount of time to address any
one of the different memory locations within the same device.
The semiconductor RAM memory is of the volatile type. That
is, when power is removed, all information previously written in
memory is lost.
A problem develops because memory needs to have both
non-volatility and read/write capability. At the time of this writing, there
is not one RAM chip that has both of these desirable functions. The
memory chips are either of the RAM family and have the read/write
capability but are volatile or of the ROM family and have only the read
capability but are non-volatile. So the read/write feature of the RAM
makes it a very versatile memory device. However, its volatility
presents a special problem.
Recently, technology has advanced to the stage where
nonvolatile RAM's can be made. These do not lose their information
when the power in them is interrupted.
The next generation of semiconductor RAM memories has
advanced to higher density (more memory cells/chip) and higher
operating frequencies.
The essential difference as far as the user is concerned is hat
ROM retains the information in it even without power, even if a
program error or other fault causes the system to try and overwrite the
contents of the ROM. It is therefore used mainly for storing fixed
programs and constants.
As the term ROM implies, this type of memory can only be
read from and not written into by the user.
Since the ROM has the feature of nonvolatility, it lends it self
to applications such as dedicated subroutines including mathematical
packages, monitor
1
programs, debug
2
programs and any program
that has a fixed structure where there is no need to make changes to
the program that resides in the ROM.

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