Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 44 стр.

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44
Types of Software
A computer to complete
1
a job requires
2
more than just the
actual equipment
3
or hardware we see and touch. It requires
Software — programs for directing
4
the operation of a computer or
electronic data.
Software is the final computer system component. These
computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct
5
processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose
6
machine
which requires specific
7
software to perform a given task. Computers
can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information.
Software determines the order in which these operations are
performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system
software and applications software.
System software controls
8
standard internal
9
computer
activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system
programs that aid
10
in the operation of a computer regardless
11
of the
application software being used. When a computer is first turned on,
one of the systems programs is booted
12
or loaded into the computers
memory. This software contains information about memory
capacity
13
, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used and
more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software
can be brought in.
System programs are designed for the specific pieces of
hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate
peripheral
14
hardware and computer activities. User needs to install
15
a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example,
if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in
advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes
along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your
mainboard
16
to «understand» the newly attached
17
part.
Applications software satisfies your specific need. The
developers
18
of application software rely mostly on marketing
research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users
(buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has
increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to
include as much as possible in one program to make software
interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is
the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
Data communication within and between computers systems
is handled
19
by system software. Communications software
transfers
20
data from one computer system to another. These
programs usually provide
21
users with data security
22
and error
69
1. Give the full names of the following abbreviations:
RAM, ROM, PROM, SCS, FDS, I/O
2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following:
capability, dimension, hardware, software, module,
breadboard system, small computer system, full-development
system, multiprocessor system, family, master-control chip,
priority, compatibility, storage capacity.
3. Complete the following sentences:
1. Chips are used to construct... .
2. Modules are used ... .
3. Small computer systems are used ... .
4. Multiprocessor systems can include....
5. At the first level of the hierarchy are....
6. At the first level of the hierarchy are more specialized
chips:..
TEXT 7
Pre-reading task
1. Read the text “Uses and Applications of Microprocessors”
and discuss the main idea of it in group.
2. Draw a diagram of microprocessors applications.
3. Make a list of the microprocessor’s applications you have
read about or you have seen by yourself.
4. Find additional information of microsystems application.
Uses and Applications of Microprocessors
The uses and applications of microcomputers appear, at
present, to fall somewhere between discrete logic, on the one hand,
and minicomputers, on the other. The microprocessor fills the large
gap between discrete circuits and the relatively sophisticated
minicomputer. The microprocessor also fills the cost gap between
discrete circuits.
Because of its relatively low cost and flexibility, the
microsystem has an abundance of applications at home and small
business environment. It fills the needs of small manufacturers who
cannot afford, or do not need, large computer systems.
Some of the present applications which have already found

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