Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 45 стр.

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hierarchically according to their capability and function. Along these
two dimensions there is a well-defined upward progression in both
hardware
1
and software. In hardware the levels are chips, modules
2
,
"breadboard" systems, small computer systems, full-development
systems and multiprocessor systems. This hierarchy is not absolute
because the evolving technology creates ever more powerful chips,
some of which can bridge two or three hierarchic levels. Chips are
used to construct a module, modules to construct a small computer
system (SCS) and small computers to construct a full-development
system (FDS). Multiprocessor systems can incorporate modules,
SCS's or FDS's, depending on the application and complexity.
At the first level of the hierarchy are the microprocessor chips,
representing the large-scale integration of tens of thousands of
individual electronic devices: transistors, diodes, resistors and
capacitors. At this level there are also more specialized chips: random-
access memories (RAM's), read-only memories (ROM's)
3
,
programmable read-only memories (PROM's), input-output (I/O)
interfaces and others. The cutting edge of the technology works most
directly at the chip level, providing, for example, RAM's of ever-higher
storage capacity
4
.
Generally the various kinds of chips are grouped into families
that are compatible with particular microprocessors. The families will
include a series of RAM, ROM and PROM chips to create a memory
system, a series of interface chips capable of handling both parallel
and serial input-output functions and miscellaneous chips to enhance
system capabilities, such as high-speed arithmetic operations. Master-
control chips are needed to establish priorities
5
and to keep signals
flowing smoothly through the complex maze of interconnections. The
compatibility of chips and chip families made by different
manufacturers varies widely.
Vocabulary:
1. Hardware - the mechanical, magnetic, electronic and electrical
devices or components of a computer.
2. Module - an assembled printed circuit performing a distinct
function, or a self-contained program section.
3. Read-only memory (ROM) - a device or medium used to store
Information and which may be read, but not written into, by the
central processor.
4. Capacity of a memory store - the number of bits or words or
bytes that can be stored.
5. Priority – the sequence in which various entries and tasks are
processed or peripheral devices are serviced.
45
checking
23
along with physically transferring data between the two
computer's memories. During the past five years the developing
24
electronic network communication has stimulated more and more
companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-
Browsers
25
for Internet.
Vocabulary:
1. to complete — совершать, завершать
2. to require— требовать
3. equipment — оборудование
4. to direct — управлять, руководить
5. to conduct — проводить
6. general-purpose — общего назначения
7. specific — конкретный, определенный
8. control — управление
9. internal — внутренний
10. aid — помощь
11. regardless — несмотря на, безотносительно
12. to boot — загружать
13. memory capacity — вместимость памяти
14. peripheral — периферийный
15. to install — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталлировать
16. mainboard — материнская плата
17. to attach — присоединять
18. developer — разработчик
19. to handle — управлять, обращаться с
20. to transfer — переводить, переносить
21. to provide with — обеспечивать чем-либо
22. security — безопасность
23. to check — проверять
24. to develop — развивать, проявлять
25. Web-browser — «браузер» (программа, позволяющая
пользователю искать и считывать информацию с глобальной
электронной сети Internet)
Are the following statements true or false? Prove your answers.
1) Computer programs only instruct hardware how to handle data
storage.
2) System software controls internal computer activities.
3) System software is very dependable on the type of application
software being used.
4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the
processor and disk drives are unavailable for system software.

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