Computer Engineering (English for Special Purposes). Андриенко А.С. - 47 стр.

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66
of strings of binary digits (O's and 1's), to store the data for later
processing, to perform arithmetic and logic operations on the data in
accordance with previously stored instructions and to deliver the
results to the user through an output mechanism such as an electric
typewriter, a cathode-ray-tube
2
display or a two-dimensional plotter.
A typical microprocessor would consist of the following units: a decode
and control unit
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(to interpret instructions from the stored program),
the arithmetic and logic unit
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, or ALL) (to perform arithmetic and
logic operations), registers (to serve as an easily accessible memory
for data frequently manipulated), an accumulator
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(a special register
closely associated with the ALL)), address
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buffers (to supply the
control memory with the address from which to fetch
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the next
instruction) and input-output buffers (to read instructions or data into
the microprocessor or to send them out).
Present microprocessors vary in their detailed architecture
depending on their manufacture and in some cases on the particular
semiconductor technology adopted. One of the major distinctions is
whether all the elements of the microprocessor are divided among
several identical modular chips that can be linked in parallel, the total
number of chips depending on the length of the "word" the user wants
to process: four bits (binary digits), eight bits, 16 bits or more. Such a
multichip arrangement is known as a bit-sliced organization. A feature
of bit-sliced chips made by the bipolar technology is that they are
"microprogrammable": they allow the user to create specific sets of
instructions, a definite advantage for many applications.
Vocabulary:
1. Random-access memory - strictly a computer memory,
structured, so that the time required to access any data item
stored in the memory is the same as for any other item. Now
more often used to describe a semiconductor memory that can be
used for reading and writing data.
2. Cathode-ray-tube - a device used to generate pictures as found
in a television or visual display.
3. Control unit - the part of the computer which directs the
sequence of operations, interprets the instructions, and provides
the requisite signals to execute those instructions.
4. Arithmetic and logic unit - a device which executes arithmetic
and/or logic operations according to the instructions in a program.
5. Accumulator - a register in which numbers are totaled,
manipulated, or temporarily stored for transfers to and from
memory or external devices.
6. Address - a unique label, name, or number that identifies a
memory location or a device register for access by a computer.
47
i) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational
systems?
j) What are the special features of Windows 95, Windows
98, Windows 2000, Windows XP?
Operating Systems
When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's,
every program written had to provide instructions that told the
computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store
information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks
not necessarily related to the program. The additional program
instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex
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,
and time-consuming
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. Programmers soon realized3 it would be
smarter
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to develop one program that could control the computer's
hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed
it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the use of
hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk
management by letting you store information in files. The operating
system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor.
Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands
that help you to use the computer.
DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS
is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a
company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft
DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed
DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the
user’s perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each
providing the same capabilities and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past
decade
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, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS
developers release a new version
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, they increase the version number.
Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system
developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced
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version of the popular
Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor or
greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to
use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows,
which runs on top of DOS
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, Windows NT is an operating system itself.
However, NT is DOS compatible
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. The advantage of using NT over
Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory
management capabilities.
OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2
is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets

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