Фрагменты когнитивной психологии. Бабушкин А.П. - 17 стр.

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3. Give the plural form of the nouns listed below:

               1.   foot –                       5.   stratum –
               2.   schema –                     6.   tooth –
               3.   datum –                      7.   mouse –
               4.   phenomenon -                 8.   child -

4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words:
       1) People believe that … hide their heads in the sand. 2) Human memory …
changes. 3) C.Dickens had a great … of humor. 4) Bikes … people to travel for both
short and long distances. 5) Cubism appeared to most people to be a … of reality. 6)
Please underlie any words for … .

5. Read and translate the text:

                                            Schemas

       The idea of a schema (plural: either schemata or schemas) was originally
introduced by sir Frederic Bartlett in 1932. Bartlett made use of schemata to explain
why it is that, in understanding and remembering stories, people tend to reconstruct the
story to fit in with expectations based on their prior knowledge and past experience. The
original story undergoes processes of rationalization, deletion, elaboration, and
distortion which, according to Bartlett, are shaped and guided to pre-existing schemata.
Barlett’s ideas were ahead of his time. In the 1970s, with the growing interest in mental
representations, schemata have been reinstated and modern versions play a central role
in current theories of memory. What does the term “schemata” mean from the point of
view of cognitive science? First of all it is necessary to point out that with the help of a
schema we represent our knowledge about categories. For instance, consider our
knowledge of what a house is like. We know many things about houses, such as the
following:
       • Houses are a type of a building.
       • Houses have rooms.
       • Houses can be built of wood, brick, or stone.
       • Houses serve as human dwellings.
       • Houses tend to have rectilinear and triangular shapes.
       • Houses are larger than 100 square feet and smaller than 10,000.
       The importance of a category is that it stores predictable information about
instances of a category such as the above. So, when someone mentions a house we have
a rough idea of the size of the object being referred to. The basic insight is that concepts
like house are defined by a configuration of features. This representational structure is
called a schema. A schema is an organized packet of knowledge. The concept of a
schema comes from artificial intelligence and computer science. Readers who have