Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. Базарова Б.Б - 73 стр.

      Unless rapid HIV tests are used, the time that passes between getting tested and being informed
of the test results is about 10 to 14 days. Although 27,000 to 30,000 HIV tests that have positive results
are performed annually at publicly funded testing sites, almost 10,000 of those who test positive
unfortunately do not return for their results.
      A 2002 National Health Interview Survey indicated a steady, nonchanging annual pattern of HIV
testing among adults of 10 to 12 percent for the last decade.4 It is clear—and has been promulgated by
public health officials—that to improve prevention and treatment outcomes and also reduce HIV
transmissions, testing practices need to be expanded beyond traditional settings.
      Today, it is possible to diagnose HIV disease with an oral fluid test. Furthermore, a recent study
did conclude that dental offices may serve as an alternative site for HIV testing.5 That raises an
obvious question: should dentists implement HIV testing in their dental offices?
      Available serologic and oral fluid-based rapid HIV tests are very accurate. Sensitivity levels for
both types of tests exceed 99 percent, with specificity rates of up to 100 percent. False positive results
are possible (one to two per thousand tests) and may be associated with the presence of antibodies to
other viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr or hepatitis A or B. Negative results should be considered
definitive.
      The great advantage of these rapid tests is the possibility of getting chairside results within five
to 20 minutes. There is no need for the patient to return at a later date. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration has approved four of these rapid tests, but only one—the OraQuick Advance (OraSure
Technologies, Bethlehem, Pa.)—can be used with oral fluids. The OraQuick Advance test provides a
result after 20 minutes and can be read directly on the device used to perform the test.
      In general, any dental office that performs a rapid HIV test for the purpose of providing a patient
with a test result must comply with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of
1988. Other restrictions, such as “Subject Information”, also apply and are provided in a package insert
that comes with the test kit.
      The OraQuick Advanced test is a CLIA-waived test, which means that no federal requirements
for personnel, quality assessment or proficiency testing are needed. State and local regulations and
laws still may apply. However, these CLIA-waived tests can be performed outside a traditional
medical office only after the clinician obtains a certificate of waiver from the CLIA program.
      Any HIV test needs to be accompanied by patient counseling both before and after the test is
conducted. Pretest counseling includes providing information about HIV/AIDS, routes of transmission,
sensitivities and specificities of different tests, issues concerning discrimination, partner notification,
advice on refraining from any behavior that may result in transmission until a test result has been




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