Техническое чтение для энергетиков. Бухарова Г.П. - 95 стр.

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97
years or so. What will happen then? Shall we leave the future generations without
energy? These are the questions the scientists are mostly interested in.
Soviet scientists are intensively working at the problem of creating controlled
thermonuclear reactors. Positive results of research in this field would give man a
practically inexhaustible source of energy.
The tests on the Tokomak-7, the world's first large thermonuclear installation
with superconducting magnetic windings have proved the possibility of creating
supercon-
ducting magnetic systems for retaining plasma at one million degrees Centrigrade.
The huge building in which the experiments are made
looks like a big factory.
The equipment and installations simulate and recreate the processes going on inside
the Sun and in the remote stars. Scientists try to tame matter in a plasma state.
Theoretical calculations and numerous experiments show that a controlled
thermonuclear reaction would take place if we could heat a compound of 10
14
nuclei
of heavy isotopes of hydrogen deuterium and tritium to a temperature of- one
hundred million degrees and make the tiny ball shine for, at least, one second.
An inexhaustible terrestrial sun would light up, its light dispelling the forecasts
about the inevitable energy crisis.
This is the reactor of the future. The nearest to it, that we have at present, are the
Tokomaks constructed by the Soviet scientists. The Institute of Atomic Energy
named after Kurchatov where the Tokomaks were born made the next big steps
forward on this difficult road. The Tokomak-7 proved in practice for the first time
that the magnetic windings cooled to cosmic cold could become a superconductor
even within 35 cm from the plasma heated to a million degrees.
The Tokomak-7 is about the same size as the preceding the Tokomak-10. But
unlike the latter it has superconducting coils to create the magnetic field preventing
the plasma from coming, into contact with the chamber walls.
What are the advantages of the new coils? It is possible to raise the plasma
temperature to 13 million degrees in the Tokomak-10. But to reproduce a
thermonuclear reaction lasting half a second, the installation requires the energy
produced by a 200 thousand kW power plant. The superconducting coils require
thousands of times less energy than the copper ones in the Tokomak-10. Let us
consider another advantage of the Tokomak-7. The experiment on the Tokomak-10
lasts less than a second. Then it has to be turned off so that the coils would
N
not
overheat, whereas the Tokomak-7 having superconducting coils can operate as long
as required.
Using superconductivity in thermonuclear installations, it is possible to make
experiments without thinking about the coils overheating and at much less energy
consumption. This paves the way to intense research on the Tokomak-15. The latter
is an intermediate step to the thermonuclear power plant. It is twice the size of the
Tokomak-7. A smaller Tokomak-11 is used for experiments on methods to heat
plasma to much higher temperatures by ejecting a beam of fast neutron atoms of
hydrogen and deuterium into the burning area.
As for fuel the thermonuclear power plant would use sea water or a variety of

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