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ɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɨɬ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟ-
ɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ.
4. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠ-
ɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ȼɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɫɨɪɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɨɡɠɢɝ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ. ɋɜɟɱɚ ɫ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɨɣ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-
ɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ:
1 – ɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɪɬɟɪɚ-ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ; 2 – ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ; 3, 5, 7, 9 – ɲɟɫ-
ɬɟɪɧɢ; 4 – ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɝɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ; 6 – ɜɚɥɢɤ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ; 8 –
ɰɟɧɬ
ɪ
ɨɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɯ
ɪ
ɚɩɨɜɚɹ ɦ
ɭɮ
ɬɚ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
17
ɬɹɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɨɬ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟ-
ɥɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ.
2
3 4 5
1
6
7
9 8
Ɋɢɫ. 7. Ʉɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ:
1 – ɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɪɬɟɪɚ-ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ; 2 – ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ; 3, 5, 7, 9 – ɲɟɫ-
ɬɟɪɧɢ; 4 – ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɝɨɧɧɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ; 6 – ɜɚɥɢɤ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ; 8 –
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɯɪɚɩɨɜɚɹ ɦɭɮɬɚ
4. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɟɠ-
ɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ȼɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɫɨɪɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞ-
ɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɨɡɠɢɝ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ. ɋɜɟɱɚ ɫ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɨɣ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-
ɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
