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19
ɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ȽɌȾ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚ-
ɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, «ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ» ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɜɟɱɚɦ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ
ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɟ
.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɹɠɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɩɨɞɜɨ-
ɞɢɦɵɦ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ.
ɇɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ-
ɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ-
ɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ: ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩ-
ɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɜɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɜɢ-
ɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ:
–
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɡɚɛɪɨɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ;
– ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ;
– ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɪɬɟɪɚ;
– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ;
– ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɦɩɚɠ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ, ȼɋɍ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɬɟ-
ɪɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
19
ɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ȽɌȾ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚ-
ɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, «ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ» ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɤ ɫɜɟɱɚɦ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ
ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɟ.
Ɂɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɹɠɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɚ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɩɨɞɜɨ-
ɞɢɦɵɦ ɤ ɪɨɬɨɪɭ.
ɇɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ-
ɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ-
ɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧ-
ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ: ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ,
ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩ-
ɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɜɬɢɤɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɜɢ-
ɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ:
– ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɡɚɛɪɨɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɨɣ;
– ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ;
– ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɪɬɟɪɚ;
– ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ;
– ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɦɩɚɠ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ, ȼɋɍ ɢɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɬɟ-
ɪɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
