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18
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟ-
ɪɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ – ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 8) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɷɤɪɚɧɚ-
ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɟ, ɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɬɭɥ-
ɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɩɥɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɠɚɪɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭ-
ɛɭ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ.
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɠɢɝɚ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɨɡɠɢɝɚ, ɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
5. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ȽɌȾ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɟɬɭ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟ-
ɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɭɫ-
Ɋɢɫ. 8. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ:
1 – ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɲɬɭɰɟɪ ɫ ɠɢɤɥɟɪɨɦ; 2 – ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ; 3 – ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤ
ɚ
ɩɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ; 4 – ɛɨɥɬ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ; 5 – ɪɚɫɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ; 7 – ɨɬ-
ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 8 – ɷɤɪɚɧ-ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪ; 9 – ɫɨɩɥɨ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ;
10 – ɨɬɜɟ
ɪ
ɫɬɢɟ
ɞ
ɥɹ ɨɛ
ɞɭ
ɜɚ
;
11 – ɜɬ
ɭ
ɥɤɚ
;
12 – ɫɜɟɱɚ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
18
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɟɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟ-
ɪɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ – ɞɨ ɩɹɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɚ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ. 8) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɥɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɷɤɪɚɧɚ-
ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɟ, ɢ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɬɭɥ-
ɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɨɩɥɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɠɚɪɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭ-
ɛɭ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶ:
1 – ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɲɬɭɰɟɪ ɫ ɠɢɤɥɟɪɨɦ; 2 – ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ; 3 – ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ
ɩɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ; 4 – ɛɨɥɬ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ; 5 – ɪɚɫɩɵɥɢɬɟɥɶ; 6 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ; 7 – ɨɬ-
ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ; 8 – ɷɤɪɚɧ-ɞɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪ; 9 – ɫɨɩɥɨ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹ;
10 – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɞɭɜɚ; 11 – ɜɬɭɥɤɚ; 12 – ɫɜɟɱɚ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ
ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɠɢɝɚ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɟɱɢ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɨɡɠɢɝɚ, ɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.
5. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ȽɌȾ
ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɟɬɭ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟ-
ɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɭɫ-
