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join a main clause to a relative clause it is necessary to add a relative pronoun,
such
who, that, which, where, when, why.
* They use who for people and for animals that they think of as nearly human:
Keith is the man who proposed to Emily.
Alison has a dog who barks at everybody.
* They can also use that for people, but it is less common and slightly less
Mary is the woman that sits next to me in the class.
* They use which or that for
Chocolate which was in abundance in every dish soon was declined.
This is the book that I have been looking for.
* They also use the pronouns when and where for time and place:
That was the moment when I realized it was too late.
Judy walked in the cafe where she used to eat when she was student.
* When they are talking about something belonging to someone they use
whose:
I really like the author whose books I've been reading lately.
It is possible to leave out the
pronoun in defining relative clause:
The woman (who) I saw at the supermarket is
sister.
I bought a copy of the book (that) I'd been looking for a long time.
But this is not possible with subject pronoun:
The man who interviewed me at the company was very polite and sympathetic.
(It would be wrong to say: The man interviewed me at the company was very polite
and sympathetic.)
THE PAST OF MODALS
Certainty
They use must have
past participle when they want to claim they are certain
of something in the past:
You must have been sick for a while, you look rather pale.
When they think something definitely did not happen, they use can't have or
couldn't have
past participle:
Judy can't have seen me on the train that day. I was flying in.
He can't have failed in passing his driving test. He's really an expert in it.
Possibility
They use may have, might have or could have
past participle to claim
something possibly happened in the past:
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