Английский язык. Ч. 1. Гималетдинова Г.К - 26 стр.

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      The first instalment of Oliver Twist appeared in Bentley’s Miscellany for Feb-
ruary 1837, under Dickens’ pseudonym ‘Boz’. The first complete edition of Oliver
Twist, or the Parish Boy’s Progress appeared in three volumes in 1838, being
published by Richard Bentley of New Burlington Street, London, with whom Dick-
ens was often in dispute. It is a tribute to Dickens’ literary powers and abilities that
he managed to write the first instalments of Oliver Twist at the same time as the
last parts of Pickwick Papers, while the last parts of Oliver Twist were being writ-
ten simultaneously with the first instalments of Nicholas Nickelby.
classical theme              literary pedigree              to be in dispute
grinding poverty             to go back                     a tribute to
to endure                    gothic novel                   at the same time
lures of temptations         picaresque novel               simultaneously
ravages of fear              exemplars of certain type
desperation                  to take the reader through
menace                       to appear in three volumes
     Задание 2. Сделайте письменный перевод текста Б.
                                           Tекст Б
               Descriptive, Historical, and Comparative Linguistics
      General linguistics includes a number of related subjects involved in the study
of language, and each may be considered both from the point of view of theory and
from that of its actual operations. The most important subdivisions of the subject are
descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, and comparative linguistics.
      Descriptive linguistics, as its title suggests, is concerned with the description
and analysis of the ways in which a language operates and is used by a given set
of speakers at a given time. This time may be the present, and in the case of lan-
guages as yet unwritten or only recently given written form it will inevitably be the
present, as there is no other way of knowing any earlier stages of them, though
there are methods by which certain facts about such earlier stages may be in-
ferred. The time may equally well be the past, where adequate written records are
available, as in the case of the so-called dead languages like Ancient Greek and
(except in a few special circumstances) Latin, and in the case of earlier stages of
languages still spoken (e.g. Old English). The line between these two categories
of language is not easily drawn; in part it depends on the point of view from which
they are looked at. It also depends on the literary prestige attached to Ancient
Greek and Latin and the distance that separates our knowledge of them and of
the early stages of the languages that are, in fact divergent continuations of them,
Modern Greek, and French, Italian, Spanish, probably justifies the distinction.
What is more important is that the descriptive study of a language, and of any part
of a language, present or past, is concerned exclusively with that language at the
period involved and not, as a descriptive study, with what may have preceded it or
may follow it. The descriptive study is not concerned with the description of other
languages at the same time. Descriptive linguistics is often regarded as the major
part of general linguistics. Be that as it may, it is certainly the fundamental aspect
of the study of language, as it underlies and is presupposed (or ought to be pre-
supposed) by the other two subdivisions.
      Historical linguistics is the study of the developments in languages in the
course of time, of the ways in which languages change from period to period, and
of the causes and results of such changes, both outside the languages and within