Английский язык. Ч. 2. Гималетдинова Г.К - 23 стр.

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   tation                      illustrative quotations         point of interest
the first significant word     up to the present day           legal implication
cross-reference                to cite
in case of difficulty          obscurity
to merit inclusion             to resolve
      Задание 2. Сделайте письменный перевод текста Б.
                                         Teкст Б
                                      Loan Words
      Wherever there are culture contacts of any sort between the speakers of different
languages, and this means virtually everywhere, speakers will make use of words from
other languages to refer to things, processes, and ways of behaviour, organization, or
thinking, for which words or phrases were not available or convenient in their own lan-
guage. Some of the foreign words used by individual speakers pass into general cur-
rency in the language, as a rule being altered in pronunciation. These are known, by a
rather inappropriate metaphor, as loan words. They are most obviously exemplified in
the words for foreign products; the words for coffee, tea, and tobacco, in English and in
most European languages are all loans, from Arabic, Chinese, and an American-
Indian language respectively, languages of the regions from which, or through which,
these products were first imported into Europe.
      Any prolonged cultural contact, especially with speakers of a language who en-
joy political power or prestige in any sphere, leads to a considerable amount of bor-
rowing of vocabulary from that language in the spheres concerned. One may in-
stance the large influx of words of French origin into English after the Norman Con-
quest and the establishment of Norman rule in England, the borrowing of Greek
words for terms in the sciences, arts, and philosophy into Latin as a result of Greek
prestige in these fields in the ancient world. A noticeable linguistic result of the British
development and popularization of organized sport in the nineteenth century and af-
ter is seen in the large number of sporting terms in European and other languages
that are of British origin. Apart from any other evidence, the strong representation of
loan words from a single language in the vocabulary of one or more languages in an
area is firm evidence of culture contacts of some sort.
      Manifestly the term loan word is only used sensibly in relation to a language
assumed to be already in independent existence. One cannot regard the vocabu-
lary of French that has been in continual use from Roman times, while the linguis-
tic changes constituting the passage of Latin to French were taking place, as loan
words from Latin, since French is simply the form taken by Latin in a certain part
of Europe. Languages are in a continuous state of change, and loans must be
considered as those which were not in the vocabulary at one period and are in it
at a subsequent one, without having been made up from the existing lexical stock
of the language or invented as entirely new creations, as, for example, certain
names for products are (e.g. kodak). Loans are, in fact, entering a language all
the time, but their frequency and sources are temporarily affected by political or
other factors leading to close cultural contacts of one sort or another.
      Loans entering a language after a sound change has ceased to operate are
not affected by it; conversely, loans entering before or during its operation will be
affected in the same way as any other words containing the sound segments sub-
ject to the change. Apparent exceptions to sound correspondence may be the re-
sults of subsequent borrowing. Thus French loan words with /i/ that entered the