Английский язык. Горчакова Е.П - 33 стр.

                                33

survival, security, or equilibrium. They may actually in duce,
rather than reduce, tension. The human need for stimulation
is so strong that prolonged exposure to an environment in
which external stimulation is kept at a minimum can be
severely disturbing, even intolerable, although biological needs
may be satisfied. [3].

     Human beings seem to have two sets of motives, and [4].
Equilibrium motives are directed toward survival, safety,
comfort, and the reduction of tension Expansion motives which
widen our experiences and our horizons, tend to in duce
tension and sometimes actually court danger. Several theories,
notably. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, try to encompass in a
single scheme the two types of motives.

     Wherever there is motivation, there is some frustration,
for no one’s needs can be instantly and entirely satisfied. [5].
By narrowing an individual’s attention and concerns and
providing more intensely toward his goal. In some eases he will
seek a substitute goal to satisfy the same motive, or thorough
compensation he will adopt another motive and channel his
energies in that new direction. But when the level of
frustration is too high, it can lead to regression and other
disruptive behavior. The level of frustration which an
individual can stand in a given situation before he succumbs
to maladaptive behavior is his frustration tolerance.
Frustration tolerance varies greatly from person to person and
seems to be an enduring personality characteristic of the
individual.

     When     two   or   more    strong   motives     are   work
simultaneously, or when we are confronted by two goals, we
are put into a state of motivational conflict. A person is torn
between moving forward the positive aspects of her goal
(approach) and moving away from its negative aspects
(avoidance). When one must choose between two positive goals
(approach – approach conflict), the resolution is usually rapid
and relatively painless. When one is required to choose one of
two negative goals (avoidance – avoidance conflict), the
decision is likely to be more difficult and more prolonged.
When the two negative goals are important, there is often an
attempt to escape the need to choose, even if such an escape
should involve a radical restructuring of one’s life. A goal that