Английский для сварщиков. Гричин С.В. - 37 стр.

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37
an arrestor. This safeguard helped reduce casualties from 140 to 20 per
month.
The ASME Code
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the welding of pressure vessels came
on the scene. Welding made possible a quantum jump in pressure attainable
because the process eliminated the low structural efficiency of the riveted
joint. Welding was widely utilized by industry as it strove to increase
operating efficiencies by the use of higher pressures and temperatures, all of
which meant thick-walled vessels. But before this occurred, a code for
fabrication was born from the aftermath of catastrophe.
On April 27, 1865, the steamboat Sultana blew up while transporting
2200 passengers on the Mississippi River. The cause of the catastrophe was
the sudden explosion of three of the steamboat's four boilers, and up to 1500
people were killed as a result. Most of the passengers were Union soldiers
homeward bound after surviving Confederate prison camps. In another
disaster on March 10, 1905, a fire tube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton,
Mass., exploded, killing 58, injuring 117 and causing damages valued at
$250,000. These two incidents, and the many others between them, proved
there was a need to bring safety to boiler operation. So, a voluntary code of
construction went into effect in 1915 - the ASME Boiler Code.
As welding began to be used, a need for nondestructively examining
those welds emerged. In the 1920s, inspectors tested welds by tapping them
with hammers, then listening to the sound through stethoscopes. A dead
sound indicated a defective weld. By 1931, the revised Boiler Code accepted
welded vessels judged safe by radiographic testing. By this time, magnetic
particle testing was used to detect surface cracks that had been missed
radiographic testing. By this time, magnetic particle testing was used to
detect surface cracks that had been missed by radiographic inspection. In his
history of the ASME Code, A. M. Greene, Jr., referred to the late 1920s and
early 1930s as "the great years." It was during this period that fusion welding
received widespread acceptance. Nowadays, thousands of individuals who
make their living in welding live and breathe the ASME Code every minute
of the working day.
In 1977, Leonard Zick, chairman of the main committee of the ASME
Code, said, "It's more than a code; the related groups make up a safety
system. Our main objective is to provide requirements for new construction
of pressure-related items that, when followed, will provide safety to those
who use them and those who might be affected by their use. "

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