Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 40 стр.

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Not every word in a language can have antonyms. This type of opposition

can be met in qualitative adjectives and their derivatives: beautiful-ugly, to

beautify-to uglify. It can be also met in words denoting feelings and states: to

respect-to scorn, respectful-scornful and in words denoting direction in space and

time: here-there, up-down, before-after.

If a word is polysemantic, it can have several antonyms, e.g. the word bright

has the antonyms dim, dull, sad.

Lecture 11

Vocabulary Classifications

I. Morphological and Functional Grouping

By their morthemic structure words may be simple (hand, dog), derivative

(handful, doggie), compound (handbook, dog-cheap), compound derivative (left-

handed, dog-legged).

Words are also classified into word-families: dog, doggish, doglike, doggy,

to dog, dog-cart. the number of word-families is equal to that of root-morphemes.

Words may be grouped by their common affix: troublesome, lonesome,

tiresome, handsome. Groups with productive affixes constitute open sets, since

new words are constantly created.

By their function words are grouped into notional, functional and semi-

functional. Notional words can be used alone. They name objects of reality,

qualities, actions or processes. Functional words are used only in combination with

notional words or in reference to them: auxiliary verbs, prepositions, conjunctions,

relative adverbs. They express relations between words. Semi- functional words

point to or stand for objects of reality: here, then, this, one, he, how.