Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 41 стр.

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By their meaning, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships words are

divided into parts of speech and lexico-grammatical groups. Among nouns we find

personal names, animal names, collective, abstract, proper names. The members of

each group have a common lexico-grammatical meaning and paradigm, the same

substituting elements and a set of suffixes. Personal nouns denote animate objects

and express notions, have two number forms and two case forms, regularly

combine with the indefinite article, are substituted by he or she and may have

sufftxes -er, -or, -ist, -ee, -eer, -man.

II. Thematic and Ideographic Groups. Semantic Fields.

A thematic group is a subdivision ofa lexico-grammatical group: kinship

terms, names for parts of the human body, colour terms. The basis of grouping is

both linguistic and extra-linguistic: the words are associated because their referents

are connected. The words may be connected by the logical relationship or

inclusion: sheep – ram, ewe, lamb. The generic term (hyperonym) is the

superordinate of specific terms (hyponyms).

An ideographic grouping includes thematically related words of different

parts of speech: light n, bright a, shine v. Grammatical meaning is disregarded.

words are classed according to the systems of logical notions.

A semantic field embraces interelated words covering a certain conceptual

area. The member-words are semantically interdependent. They delimit and

determine each other’s meaning. The meaning of the captain is only understood if

we know whether his subordinate is called lieutenant (the army), commander (the

navy), mate or first officer (the merchant service).

There are two formal criteria of semantically related words: co-occurence

and valency potential. The statistical approach (A. Shaikevitch) assumes that they

often occur in texts together. The syntactic approach (Y. Apresyan) asserts that

they occur in similar patterns.