Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 46 стр.

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II. Borrowings

More than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. Mostly they

are words of Romanic origin (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish). Borrowed words are

different from native ones by their phonetic structure, by their morphological

structure and also by their grammatical forms. It is also characteristic of

borrowings to be non-motivated semantically.

English history is very rich in different types of contacts with other

countries, that is why it is very rich in borrowings.

Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:

a) according to the aspect which is borrowed;

b) according to the degree of assimilation;

c) according to the language from which the word was borrowed.

III. Classification of Borrowings According to the Borrowed Aspect

There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans,

saemantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings.

Phonetic borrowings are the most characteristic ones in all languages. They

are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling,

pronunciation and meaning. then they undergo assimilation, each sound in the

borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of theborrowing

language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also

be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic

system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the

meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as labour, travel,

table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik,

nomenklatura,sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet

are phonetic borrowings from Italian; lobby, Ostarbaiter, iceberg are phonetic

borrowings from German.