Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 47 стр.

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Translation loans are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-

morpheme)translations of some foreign words or expressions. The notion is

borrowed from a foreign language bur it is expressed by native lexical units. to tale

the bull by the horns (Latin), fair sex (French), collective farm (Russian).

Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing

in the language is borrowed: there are semantic borrowngs between Scandinavian

and English, such as the meaning to live for the word to dwell which in Old

Englishhad the meaning to wander.

Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes which occur in the

language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language

into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar

to the people speaking the borrowing language: goddes (native root + Romanic

suffix -ess), uneatable (English prefix un- + English root + Romanic suffix -able).

IV. Classification of Borrowings According to the Degree of Assimilation

The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors:

a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed (if the word

belongs to the same group of languages to which the borrowing language

belongs it is assimilated easier);

b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form (words

borrowed orally are assimilated quicker);

c) how often the borrowing is used in the language (the greater the

frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated);

d) how long the word lives in the language (the longer it lives, the more

assimilated it is).

Accordingly, borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly

assimilated, non-assimilated (barbarisms).

Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the

language. Completely assimilated verbs belong to regular verbs: correct –