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В а р и а н т № 4
Текст
WHOLESALING
1. Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring
goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be
from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated chan-
nels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.
2. Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain movement in the western
countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales.
3. Two-thirds of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they
deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the
goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don't earn salaries. They receive
commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.
4. Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5,000
items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6,000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large as-
sortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problems of both manufacturers and retailers.
The store-keeper is not to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store
and deals with only a few wholesalers.
I. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение с пассивной конструкцией. Определите видовре-
менную форму глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложение на русский язык.
II. В первом абзаце текста найдите предложение, в котором глагол to be выполняет функцию гла-
гола-связки. Переведите предложение на русский язык.
III. В третьем абзаце текста найдите предложения, в которых употребляется глагол to do. Пе-
реведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение данного глагола.
IV. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний:
1) непрямая система сбыта;
2) обеспечивать системой (сбыта);
3) розничный торговец;
4) контора по оптовой торговле;
5) оптовый скупщик;
6) приобретать товар как собственность;
7) вести переговоры по поводу купли или продажи.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3, 4 абзацы текста.
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is the aim оf the wholesaling?
2. What channel of distribution is preferable?
В а р и а н т № 5
Текст
PRICING
1. All products and all services have prices. The price depends on different things such as credit terms, de-
livery, quality and other forms of service. It's hardly possible to determine such a price. The price may be too
high to produce a large volume or too low to cover costs. No other area of marketing operations has been a sub-
ject of bad practice. Many businesses pursue unsound price policies for long periods of time and are not aware
about it.
2. Prices are determined in different ways. For example, the prices of meat, cotton and other agricultural
prices are set on the large central market where forces of supply and demand exist. This is pure price competi-
tion. The prices on industrial products (iron, steel etc.) are usually charged by large companies. As a rule the
