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belong to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) an organization created in
1950. Its membership has been extended outside western Europe to take in the
United States the Commonwealth and other countries as far apart as Iceland and
Israel. For an account of the use of radio as a means of communication for example
in citizens' band radio.
Television.
The research carried out by the Scots inventor John Logie Baird at Hastings,
England, led to the first demonstration of television in 1924. After this event
developments in television broadcasting continued swiftly, not only in Britain, but
also in Russia, the United States, and in several countries in Europe. In 1931, a
British research group was set up under Isaac Shoenberg, an inventor who had
worked on television development in Russia. The technical standards that
Schoenberg's group established were put into use by the BBC when it launched the
world's first regular television service on 2 November 1936, from Alexandra
Palace. London.
Britain. The BBC began its television service using the rival Baird and Marconi-
EMI systems but settled in 1937 for the Marconi-EMI system, which operated
electronically instead of using the mechanically rotating disks employed by the
Baird apparatus The BBC was the only organization allowed to broadcast
television programs in Britain for the next 18 years. During that time it operated
continually except for the period from 1939 to 1946, when it was off the air
because of World War II.
In 1954 the BBC's monopoly of television broadcasting was broken by the
formation of the Independent Television Authority (ITA). This organization was
set up to regulate the activities of commercial television companies, which were
allowed to operate throughout Britain on a regional basis. In 1973 the authority's
name was changed to the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) and it became
responsible for regulating commercial radio as well. The commercial television
companies serve local areas, but programs made by the larger companies are often
shown nationally. Two companies provide news for the independent broadcasting
companies on a national level: these are Independent Television News Limited
(ITN) and its subsidiary company, Independent Radio News Limited (IRN).
Independent Television (ITV) is financed by revenue from "commercials", brief
"spot" advertisements made for private firms. Programs are not sponsored on ITV.
Both the BBC and the ITV broadcast programs on two channels each, BBC 1 and
BBC2, and ITV and Channel Four. Television programs in the Welsh language are
transmitted on Channel Four in Wales (Sianel Pedwar Cymru, or S4C). Both the
BBC and Independent Television transmit daytime programs for schools and
colleges.
The United States. Television developed more slowly in the United States than it
did in Britain. The first public demonstration of television was made by NBC as
late as 30 April 1939, at the New York World Fair. Both NBC and CBS began
their regular television services that year. By the middle of the next year, 1940,
there were 23 television stations. World War II interrupted development in the
United States as it did in Britain, but from 1946 the television broadcasting
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