Основы теории английского языка. Листунова Е.И. - 82 стр.

      The adverbial force is especially felt in partici ple I perfect:
      ...Having taken the key from the lock, she led the way upstairs
(Bronte) (adverbial modifier of time). And Michael, having paid the
driver, looked at her lighted up in the open doorway (Galsworthy)
(adverbial modifier of time).
      3. In many cases two interpretations are possible. In such sentences
as: the children rushed into the room laughing loudly, laughing may be
considered as an adverbial modifier of manner to the predicate rushed,
or as a predicative to the subject the children. In the Russian sentence —
Äåòè âáåæàëè â êîìíàòó, ãðîìêî ñìåÿñü, ñìåÿñü (äååïðè÷àñòèå) is
connected only with the verb âáåæàëè. If it were ñìåþùèåñÿ (ïðè÷àñòèå)
it would be connected only with the subject äåòè. Thus in Russian
where we have two distinct forms. ïðè÷àñòèå and äååïðè÷àñòèå, their
syntactical functions are clear-cut.
      4. As averb, the partici ple has distinctions of voice and tense.
      The partici ple has also other characteristics in common with
the finite verb:
      a) It may be modified by an adverb:
      His son saw him gravely hanging up his coat... (Galsworthy). The
captain walked up and down looking straight before him (Conrad);
      b) It may have an object; if the verb is transitive, it has a direct
object:
      ...She heard Justine starting a fire in the kitchen (Caldwell). She
sat plying her needle, and singing to herself (Dickens).

                     Participle I and Participle II

      1. There are two partici ples in English: Partici ple I (traditionally
called the Present Partici ple) and Partici ple II (traditionally called
the Past Partici ple).
      2. Partici ple I has tense distinctions:
      non-perfect:           writing
      perfect:               having written
      The tense-forrns of the partici ple similar to those of the infini-
tive and the gerund comprise relative time indication — they denote
that the action of the partici ple is either simultaneous with the action
expressed by the finite verb or priîã to it.



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