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Using keywords is a vital part of abstract writing, because of the practice of
retrieving information electronically: keywords act as the search term. An abstract should
use keywords that are specific, reflect what is essential about the paper, and assign the
paper to a review category obviously.
Optional sections that might be included are:
a specific and detailed title, indicating the investigated question;
a brief introduction to the topic-providing context or background;
possibly some call for future research;
Category for the paper.
To meet the requirements of science journals or conferences an abstract may include
the statement of the category. This makes the paper searchable within the database. Most
common categories are:
Research paper. This category covers papers which report on any type of research
undertaken by the author(s). The research may involve the construction or testing of a
model or framework, action research, testing of data, market research or surveys,
empirical, scientific or clinical research.
Viewpoint. Any paper, where content is dependent on the author's opinion and
interpretation, should be included in this category; this also includes journalistic pieces.
Technical paper. Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.
Conceptual paper. These papers will not be based on research but will develop
hypotheses. The papers are likely to be discursive and will cover philosophical
discussions and comparative studies of others' work and thinking.
Case study. Case studies describe actual interventions or experiences within
organizations. They may well be subjective and will not generally report on research. A
description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise
would also fit into this category.
Literature review. It is expected that all types of paper cite any relevant literature so
this category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or
critique the literature in a particular subject area. It may be a selective bibliography
providing advice on information sources or it may be comprehensive in that the paper's
aim is to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their
different views.
General review. This category covers those papers which provide an overview or
historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. The papers are
likely to be more descriptive or instructional ("how to" papers) than discursive.
Science journals increasingly require strictly structured abstracts (an example is
appended).
Whatever kind of research is being done, the abstract should provide the reader with
the answers to the following questions: What is being asked? Why is it important? How
will it be studied? What will be used to demonstrate the conclusions? What are those
conclusions? What do they mean?
5. Writing guidelines
An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. More
often than not, an abstract will be addressing an educated non-expert to understand the
purpose and value of the work. It is essential to find a comfortable balance between
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