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writing an abstract that both shows knowledge and yet is still comprehensible - with some
effort - by lay members of the audience.
The recommendations to write a well-structured, concise and cohesive abstract are:
to cover the major parts of the paper;
to stick to the facts;
to avoid personal and biographical references (e.g., “Dr. Seuss argues”);
not to be excessively wordy;
to start with a good general (but not TOO general) claim;
not to copy sentences from the work, which leads to putting in too much information;
not to use massive abstractions of thought or theoretical jargon;
to limit the amount of technical language and explain it where possible;
to avoid equations and math;
to keep citations brief, current, and relevant;
to use plain English, and avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations or symbols;
to use the full term before referring to it by acronym;
not to use too many (irrelevant) parenthetical comments, unnecessary italicization, and
enthusiastic punctuation;
to avoid future tense like “I will argue…” or “I will analyze…” (which suggests the
work has not been done yet), and to avoid phrases like “I hope to…” or “I expect to…”
which sounds less self-assured;
to avoid use of “in this paper…”, “This work describes…”, “this report…”. It is better
to write about the research than about the paper;
not to begin sentences with “it is suggested that…” “it is believed that…”, “it is felt
that…” or similar. In every case, the four words can be omitted without damaging the
essential message;
do not explain the sections or parts of the paper;
do not repeat or rephrase the title;
do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document;
if possible, avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols. You would need
to explain them, and that takes too much room;
to use simple sentences, but to vary sentence structure to avoid choppiness;
to choose active verbs whenever possible;
to make logical connections and good transitions;
to use complete sentences;
to meet the word count limitation (200 to 250 words commonly). If an abstract runs too
long it is either rejected or cut mechanically to meet size restrictions.
An abstract should include the few things you would like your reader to
remember long after the details of your paper may be forgotten.
Qualities of a Good Abstract
Well developed paragraphs are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone.
Uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the article, paper, or
report's purpose, results, conclusions, and recommendations in that order.
Follows strictly the chronology of the article, paper, or report.
Provides logical connections (or transitions) between the information included.
Adds no new information, but simply summarizes the report.
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