English for Masters in Economics. Маркушевская Л.П - 42 стр.

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sions are usually taped or perhaps recorded with a video camera and the
results are played back and analysed. A suggestion box xed to the wall of
the most used part of the factory or ofce may result in something useful be-
ing generated internally from one of the members of the workforce. This has
proved especially effective for some businesses and they now offer nancial
incentives for good ideas and to help encourage more members of staff to
contribute. Payments to staff are usually based on how much money the
company will save from adopting their suggestion. Indeed the bulk of sug-
gestion box ideas have more to do with cost cutting and efciency than new
product ideas, but a fair percentage of ideas may well be for new products.
2. Forced relationships. The concept of forced relationships is an inter-
esting one. With this technique two or more seemingly unrelated items are
considered together.
3. Marketing research should help develop many new ideas. Most, of
course, will be utterly impractical or unprotable. In the consumer eld,
however, the number of «free» ideas received from the public is amazing.
General market research cannot be expected to generate much in the way of
specic ideas. It needs to be taken a step further, asking people specically
about their unsatised needs and coaxing the answers out of them.
4. Research and development is an area of high cost and employment in
certain companies. Some companies need to spend vast sums of money on
R&D just to keep up with their competitors. The highest costs are in areas
such as electronics, drugs and computers.
5. The sales force itself often feels that it is the least consulted and most
full of ideas. It is an unwise company which ignores what is, effectively, its
«eyes and ears» in the market place. The members of the sales force are out
in the real world day after day; they, above all, know what the market needs
and can pass on the thoughts and requirements of the company’s customers,
as well as their own.
6. Competitors looking at what the competition is selling can be very
useful, but is also fraught with dangers. Most businesses keep an up-to-date
collection of their competitors brochures and sales literature. Some may
even buy and thoroughly investigate their competitors’ products. This makes
good sense, but, if the product they are looking at has not been properly mar-
ket-tested in the rst place, anyone copying it will just be buying themselves
a headache. Who wants another version of something nobody wants? Even if
the product is OK, the copier will probably be too late to make much impres-
sion on the market by the time the copy is ready for sale.
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4. Individual functions within a team as well as accountability _______
(to be transparent).
5. The CEO ________ (to present) his speech at the moment, we have to
hurry!
6. A goon manager ________ (to leave) his team in harsh times of crisis.
7. The HR department is putting the balloons in their room, they ______
_____ (to have) a party.
8. I didn’t think they were going to send an auditor, they ________ (to
change) their mind.
9. “HowcanIgetthepermissiontoentertheofce?”–You________
(toshow)somesortofidentication”.
10. When I left mylap-top atthe airport I thought I’d neversee it again.
Butsomeone_________(tond)itandhandedittothelostproperty
ofce.
Task 12.
Replace the modal verbs can, may, must in the phrases with their
equivalents to be able to, to be allowed to, to have to, to be to.
1. Organizations need to understand this if they must develop strong
project management.
2. If an organization uses the concept of competencies
to describe its
roles, it must incorporate the ability to anticipate, attend to details.
3. Following best practices ensures that individuals involved in
managing the risks associated with an organization’s activity can
learn from the mistakes, experiments and lessons of others.
4. The chief executive is the only person who can access this kind of
data.
5. We must question the competence of this manager at the next
seminar.
6. You must look through all the instructions before starting any
procedure.
7. He may attend seminars and pass the test at the end of the term in
order to receive MBA.
8. I must type this announcement as soon as possible.
9. The CEO told me that I must look through the terms of the
condentialagreementoncemore.
Task 13. Modal verbs in the Passive. Put the following sentences in the
Passive Voice.
1. It is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while
preserving the environment so that the people could meet these needs
not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
2. We can relatethistoeveryeldsofdailylife.Forinstance,amarketing
staff versus an engineer could interpret globalization in different ways.