Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 29 стр.

                 c) according to the language from which the word was
            borrowed. (In this classification only the main languages from
            which words were borrowed into English are described, such as
            Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German and Russian).


                  CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE
            BORROWED ASPECT.
                  There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings,
            translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings.
                  Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages,
            they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their
            spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they undergo
            assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by
            the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some
            cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also
            be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by
            the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of
            the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are
            also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people
            are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura,
            sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano,
            duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc.
                  Translation loans are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-
            morpheme ) translations of some foreign words or expressions. In
            such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is
            expressed by native lexical units, “to take the bull by the horns”
            (Latin), “living space” (German) etc. Some translation loans
            appeared in English from Latin already in the Old English period,
            e.g. Sunday (solis dies). There are translation loans from the
            languages of Indians, such as: “pipe of peace”, “pale-faced”, from
            German “masterpiece”, “homesickness”, “superman”.
                  Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of
            the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when
            we have two relative languages which have common words with
            different meanings, e.g. there are semantic borrowings between

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