Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 30 стр.

            Scandinavian and English, such as the meaning “to live” for the
            word “to dwell” which in Old English had the meaning “to
            wander”. Or else the meaning “дар”, “подарок” for the word
            “gift” which in Old English had the meaning “выкуп за жену”.
                  Semantic borrowing can appear when an English word was
            borrowed into some other language, developed there a new
            meaning and this new meaning was borrowed back into English,
            e.g. “brigade” was borrowed into Russian and formed the meaning
            “a working collective”, “бригада”. This meaning was borrowed
            back into English as a Russian borrowing. The same is true of the
            English word “pioneer”.
                  Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes which
            occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are
            borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic
            structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people
            speaking the borrowing language, e.g. we can find a of Romanic
            affixes in the English word-building system, that is why there are
            a lot of words - hybrids in English where different morphemes
            have different origin, e.g. “goddess”, “beautiful” etc.

                  CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO
            THE DEGREE OF ASSIMILATION
                  The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the
            following factors:
                  a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed, if
            the word belongs to the same group of languages to which the
            borrowing language belongs it is assimilated easier;
                  b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the
            written form, words borrowed orally are assimilated quicker;
                  c) how often the borrowing is used in the language, the
            greater the frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated;
                  d) how long the word lives in the language, the longer it
            lives, the more assimilated it is.
                  Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into: completely
            assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms).



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