Краткий курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов неязыковых вузов. Москалёва Е.В. - 7 стр.

            structure of a native and a target language. This procedure has
            been named contrastive analysis.
            People proceed from the assumption that the categories, elements
            on the semantic as well as on the syntactic and other levels are
            valid for both languages.
                  e. g. Linking verbs can be found in English, French,
            German, Russian, etc. Linking verbs having the meaning of
            “change and become” are differently represented in each of the
            languages. In English, for instance, “become, come, grow, fall,
            run, turn“; in Russian –“становиться “ is used. The task is to
            find out which semantic and syntactic features characterize the
            English set of linking verbs, the Russian linking verb and how
            they can be compared, how the English word-groups “ grow thin,
            get angry,         fall ill “ correspond to Russian “похудеть,
            рассердиться, заболеть“.
                  Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic
            levels: phonology, grammar (morphology and syntax) and lexis.
            Contrastive analysis is applied to reveal the features of sameness
            and difference in the lexical meaning and the semantic structure
            of correlated words in different languages. It is commonly
            assumed by non-linguists that all languages have vocabulary
            systems in which the words themselves differ in sound-form, but
            refer to reality in the same way. From this assumption it follows
            that for every word in the mother tongue there is an exact
            equivalent in the foreign language. It is a belief which is
            reinforced by the small bilingual dictionary where single-word
            translation is often used. Language learning cannot be just a
            matter of substitution a new set of labels for the familiar
            ones of the mother tongue. It should be born in mind that
            though the objective reality exists outside human beings and
            irrespective of the language they speak, every language classifies
            reality in its own way by means of vocabulary units.
                  In English, for example, the word “foot” is used to denote
            the extremity of the leg. In Russian there is no exact equivalent
            for “foot”: “стопа” is a little bit smaller than foot, the word
            “нога” denotes the whole leg including the foot.

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