Пособие по переводу английской научно-технической литературы. Орлова Г.Д. - 147 стр.

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Benefits of planning

Planning produces benefits that are essential to effective management. It enables

the manager to anticipate problems, rather than to merely react to them when they arise.

In many cases, anticipation results in prevention. But even when anticipated problems

occur, the manager can respond in a reasoned fashion, without being under pressure to

produce an off-the-cuff, ill-considered "solution."

Planning also helps the manager establish specific objectives, so that he is in

control of the progress of his group and of his career. Without definite objectives, his

work performance will be haphazard and success will be a matter of luck. Furthermore,

sound planning makes other managerial tasks easier. Designing or modifying the

structure of the organization, directing subordinates, and evaluating performance

depend on setting and charting a course to achieve department objectives.

Although all managers must plan regardless of their position in the company

hierarchy, the scope and complexity of planning will increase as the manager moves up

the organizational ladder. Top managers are preoccupied with determining corporate

strategy, increasing the rate of company growth, and developing new markets. Mid-

level managers must coordinate, minimize overlapping, and enhance resource-

utilization between various company departments and groups. First-level managers and

supervisors spend considerable time implementing policies and procedures, assigning

work activities, and devising ways for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of

work operations.

Types of plans

Plans can be classified according to their duration, function, or scope.

Duration: Short-range planning is usually done at the lower levels of the

organization, while long-range planning takes place chiefly at the upper management

levels. Short-range plans are usually single-use plans developed to deal with "one-shot"

situations and then discarded. A common form of single-use plan is the budget; once the

period of time covered by the budget is completed, the budget is replaced by a new one.