Пособие по переводу английской научно-технической литературы. Орлова Г.Д. - 148 стр.

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Long-range plans are usually of the standing or repeat-use type. They are used over and

over again to help guide the activities of members of the organization.

Function: Another way of classifying plans is in terms of the function or use to

which they are applied. Plans may be developed for key organizational functions such

as Marketing, Manufacturing, Finance, Engineering, and R&D. The functional grouping

of plans assists management in understanding the interaction between major areas or

operations. This, in turn, helps in spotting potential conflicts and problems so that they

can be dealt with effectively.

Scope: A third way of classifying plans is with respect to their breadth or scope.

Examples include:

Objectives: An objective is a general statement of the mission of the organization

or group. This statement describes what is to be accomplished; it does not stipulate how

it will be achieved. General corporate objectives are communicated to divisions and

departments, where they are translated into specific goals and activities. This process

results in establishing a hierarchy of objectives for each kind of function at each level of

the organization.

Policies: While objectives tell what is to be done, policies focus on the constraints

within which the objectives will be accomplished. Policies, out of necessity, are broad

statements directed to guide organization members in making decisions and handling

problems. Well-developed policies ensure a continuing focus on predetermined

objectives, maintain consistency of action, and minimize randomness of decision-

making.

Policies are usually developed by high-level executives. Managers and department

heads, however, may make policy recommendations subject to the approval of

managers at higher levels. Examples of policies include such stipulations as "R&D

projects will not be subcontracted unless the company does not have the necessary

resources or expertise to perform the job," or "Promotions of engineers from within are

encouraged when the engineers have a demonstrated managerial potential."