Механика грунтов. Пьянков С.А - 44 стр.

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ɧɵɯ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɹɝ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɡɚɫɵɩɤɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɨɪɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɝ) ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɭ ɩɨ ɢɯ
ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ.
Ɋɢɫ. 6.5. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ:
ɚ – ɭɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɨɫɨɜ; ɛ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟɣ; ɜ – ɩɪɢɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɢɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɤɨɫɚ;
ɝ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ; ɞ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ; ɟ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɡɚɜɟɫ; ɠ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɫ; ɡ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɭɪɨɜ; ɢ – ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɮɭɧ-
ɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɧɚ-
ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɫ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɜɹɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ – ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚ F. ɍɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɢɥ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠ-
ɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɟɫ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ Q ɢɥɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ P
w
(ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɝ). ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ Q ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɭ-
ɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɛ) ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɢ). ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɥɢɛɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɭɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɫ
(ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɟ), ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɛɢɜɚɹ ɲɩɭɧɬɵ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɭɪɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɡ),
ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɟɧɚɠɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɛɶɟɮɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
(ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɠ).
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ
ɞɪɟɧɚɠɟɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɧɭɪ (ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɢ),
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɟ ɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɋɜɢɪɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ
(1936), ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɹɞɟ ȼɨɥɠɫɤɢɯ Ƚɗɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨ-
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɭɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 6.5, ɡ), ɚɧɤɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɧɭɪ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɢɬɭ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɚɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɢɡɨ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɢɬɚ ɚɧɤɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɧɬɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɨɞɵ
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(ǻQ) ɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ (ǻQ') ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɛɶɟɮɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɩɨɧɭɪɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟ-
ɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɞɜɢɝ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɟ ɩɨɧɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨ-
ɞɨɲɜɟ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦɢ.
6.4. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɫɫɢɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ – ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ, ɝɪɚɠ-
ɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ, ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 6.6. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ:
ɚ – ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ; ɛ – ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ; ɜ – ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ, ɡɚɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɉɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ) ɢ
ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 6.6). ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɢ ɨɩ-
ɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨ-
ɫɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɳɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ʉ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɟɣ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɫɬɟɧɵ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.
ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ.
Ʉ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. ɀɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɬɨɧɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɯ
ɪɹɠɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɦ, ɢɬ. ɩ. Ƚɢɛɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɩɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚ-
ɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɲɩɭɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɷɩɸɪɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ȿ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɟɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.7
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȿ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ.

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