World religions. Рахимбергенова М.Х. - 18 стр.

Poland, were called Ashkenazi. Sefardic Jews can trace their tradition back to          according………, to be closer………, the covenant………, to adhere………,
the Mediterranean countries, particularly Spain and Portugal under Muslim               to deliver………, to give rise………, to rest………, to divide………,
rule. When they were expelled in 1492 they settled in North Africa, the Levant,         to reveal………, to devote………, guide………(life), to be schooled………,
the Far East and Northern Europe. The two traditions differ in a number of rit-         to    be   next………     importance………,    to be    regarded………,
ual and cultural ways but their theology and basic Jewish practice is the same.         commentary………, to deal………, to hand……… .
     In the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a move by some Jewish
groups away from traditional or orthodox observances. This trend gave rise to a         Task 3. Give definitions of the following words and learn them (both) by heart:
number of groups within Judaism. Orthodox Jews, who form the majority, as-                    Descendant, renewal, congregation, to expound, to ordaine, pastor, obser-
sert the supreme authority of the Torah, adhere to all the traditions of Judaism,       vance, equinox, Atonement, segregation, acceptance, synagogue, worship, spiri-
including the strict dietary laws and the segregation of women in the syna-             tual.
gogue. Reform Judaism rejects the idea that Jews are the chosen people, has a
liberal interpretation of the dietary laws, and takes a critical attitude toward the    Task 4. Make up 15 statements to the text to agree or disagree with them. Work
Torah. Conservative Judaism is a compromise between Orthodox and Reform                 in pairs.
in its acceptance of the traditional law, making some allowances for modern
conditions, although its services and ceremonies are closer to Orthodox than to         Task 5. Give as much information as possible about the following:
Reform. Liberal Judaism, or Reconstructionism, goes further than Reform in at-
tempting to adapt Judaism to the needs of the modern world and to interpret the             The Pentateuch, the Torah, ancient Hebrews, Judaism, synagogue, Holy
Torah in the light of current scholarship. In all the groups except Orthodox,           Days, religious practices.
women are not segregated in the synagogue, and there are female rabbis in both
Reform and Liberal Judaism. In the 20th century many people who call them-
selves Jews prefer to identify Judaism with an historical and cultural tradition        Part II
rather than with strict religious observance.
                                                                                        Task 1. Restore the omitted parts of the texts using the words given in brackets.
Task 1. Find the words that mean the same as the following:                                (Hebrew, influential, foundation, death, ancestor, interpretations, Com-
    – slavery, involuntary servitude, captivity;                                        mandments, kosher, spirits, belief, satisfy, resurrection, festival, influential)
    – cling, be fixed in attachment or devotion;
    – invested with priestly functions;                                                                                      Judaism
    – affirm positively;                                                                     This is the religion of the Jews; the most ancient of the world’s surviving
    – release or save as from evil or trouble;                                          monotheistic religions and as such deeply……. on Christianity and Islam. It
    – the act of cutting off the foreskin (of males) as a religious rite;               sees the world as the creation of a living god and the Jews are his chosen peo-
    – positive, peremptory, dictatorial;                                                ple. Central is the idea of the covenant made between God and Abraham,
    – the agreement or engagement of God with man;                                      ……… of the Jews. The first five books of the …… Bible, the Pentateuch (also
    – occupy oneself or itself with, take action with respect to a thing or a person;   the first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers,
    – based or founded;                                                                 Deuteronomy), constituted the Torah, or law, which is the …… of this religion.
    – pass on in succession.                                                            It contains a history of the Jews until the ……… of Moses, the Ten …… and a
                                                                                        corpus of ritual and ethical precepts. The Torah is supplemented by a body of
Task 2. Read the words and constructions and put the correct preposition from           oral traditions and ……… and instructions, the Talmud. An important weekly
the box into the gap:                                                                   ……… is Sabbath. Others are Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Hanuka. Jewish
                                                                                        food must be ………, which means that it is to ……… the requirements of the
                  to        with          out       on   in                             Jewish Law.
                       as          down          into

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