World religions. Рахимбергенова М.Х. - 21 стр.

        – The Koran is not a book in the ordinary sense, it is an expression of …    there are some 5 million Shi’ites in Azerbaijan and a few thousand Ismailas, a
will.                                                                                (13)…… group of Shi’ite Muslim sect, in Tajikistan. About 60 percent of the
     – Returning from a battle, the Prophet commented, “We are back from the         Muslims inhabit Central Asia, 20 percent Transcaucasia and Northern Cauca-
minor jihad to the … jihad”, referring to conquering one’s moods and passions.       sus, 20 percent the Volga Region and Siberia.
     – Even obedience to government, … as it is in Islam, may become a crime              Baha’ism. This religion was founded by the Persian Mirza Husain Ali,
if the government disobeys God.                                                      (14)…… as Baha’u’ulla (“glory of god”), in the second part of the 19th cen-
     – Individuals, societies and governments should all be … to the will of         tury. It developed from the teaching of the prophet Bab (1820–1850) who
God.                                                                                 preached in Persia until Islamic leaders (15)…… him executed. Mirza Husain
     – The Koran, the … book of Muslims, contains guiding principles, which          Ali (1817–1892) succeeded him and founded Baha’I, proclaiming himself a
allow a man to live and die decently if he seeks inspiration from it.                manifistation of God. The Baha’I faith is based on belief in (16)…… brother-
     – Zakat or … almsgiving is prescribed by God on those Muslims, who pos-         hood and promotes peace and racial justice. It has world – wide following. The
ses enough means to distribute a certain percentage of their annual savings or       seat of the governing body is in Haifa in Israel, not far from the golden domed
capital in goods or money among the poor and needy.                                  (17)…… of the Bab.

                                                                                     Task 2. Make up 15 statements about this text to agree or disagree with them.
Part II                                                                              Work in pairs.

Task 1. Restore the omitted parts of the text using the word given in brackets.      Task 3. Render from Russian into English.
     (shrine, worldwide, former, prophet, worship, the Prophet, observance, or-                                       Text 1
thodox, human, the pilgrimage, prescribed, fasting, had, codified, known, split,         Уже в начальный период существования мусульманской общины
teachings)                                                                           сложилось представление о пяти важнейших положениях вероучения. Это
                                                                                     исповедание веры (шахада), молитва (салат), пост (саум), налог в пользу
                                      Islam                                          неимущих (закат) и паломничество (хадж). Шахада – словесное свиде-
     The monotheistic religion founded by the (1)…… Muhammad in the Arabian          тельство, удостоверение веры, выражаемое фразой “Нет Бога, кроме Ал-
Peninsula in the 7th century A.D., which incorporates elements of Judaic and         лаха, и Мухаммад – посланник Аллаха”. Шахада утверждает, что мусуль-
Christian belief, is now the professed faith of nearly one thousand million people   манин должен поклоняться только Аллаху и повиноваться всему, что
(2)…… .                                                                              предписано Мухаммадом от имени Аллаха. Каноническая молитва, салат,
     The Muslim performs the prescribed acts of (3)…… and strives to fulfil          совершается по строго определенному ритуалу, который сложился при
good works within the group. The “Pillars of Islam” include profession of the        жизни Пророка. В зависимости от времени суток каждая молитва включа-
faith in a (4)…… form, (5)…… of ritual prayer (five obligatory prayer se-            ет два–четыре цикла поз и движений, сопровождаемых произнесением ус-
quences each day as well as non – obligatory prayers), giving alms to the poor,      тановленных формул. Коллективная молитва предпочтительней индиви-
(6)…… during the ninth month of the Muslim year, Ramadan, and performing             дуальной, и в пятницу полуденную молитву необходимо совершать в ме-
(7)…… to Mecca. These ritual observances, as well as a code governing social         чети. Третье предписание ислама – пост, обязательный для всех совер-
behaviour, were given to Muhammad as a series of revelations, (8)…… in the           шеннолетних мусульман в течение месяца рамадан (девятый месяц лунно-
Koran and supplemented by the deeds and discourse of the (9)…… . Muham-              го календаря). Пост был установлен Пророком Мухаммадом в 624 году.
mad is seen as the Seal of the Prophets, building upon and perfecting the exam-      Он состоит не в воздержании от некоторых видов пищи, как во многих
ples and (10)…… of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. Modern Muslims are divided             других религиях, а в полном отказе от еды, питья и любых удовольствий в
into (11)…… Sunnities, the majority of followers of Islam, and Shi’ites who          светлое время суток. От поста освобождаются путешественники, воины во
concentrate mainly in Iran and Iraq.                                                 время битв и походов, пленные, больные, немощные, беременные и кор-
     There were some 65 million Muslims in the (12)…… USSR, one of the               мящие женщины и вообще все те, кому пост может принести вред. Закат,
largest Muslim populations in the world. The great majority are Sunnites, but        налог в пользу нуждающихся мусульман, – обязательная милостыня, ко-
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