Английский язык: Контрольная работа N 2. Рябцева Е.В - 8 стр.

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2. The plant has been using new equipment since the beginning of this year.
3. Our factory became a leading one after it had introduced the new technology of textile production.
V. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию
глагола to have.
1. We had to pay for a lot of things: materials, equipment, etc.
2. He has been working as а chief engineer for several years.
3. Today we have several practicalities to discuss.
4. By 1995 the production volume of our enterprise had greatly increased.
5. Nowadays old plants and factories have to undergo great changes.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ON SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1. Those of us who live in the modern world of science and technology are apt
to think that the concept or
concepts of research and development should belong peculiarly to our generation, starting within our lifetime
and being the dominant characteristic of our time. However, science has used experimental and theoretical in-
vestigation, or research, as its principal tool since the dawn of modern science beginning with Galileo. And en-
gineering has used development as one of its principal tools for centuries. The process of development goes
right back to the first device or tool used by man, a club, a lever or a bow.
2. The fields of science and engineering began to link closely in the 19th century. Most inventions and en-
gineering developments stemmed from
the practical needs of life and were produced by craftsmen and artisans.
Science, on the other hand, or natural philosophy, as it was called until the 19
th
century, was mostly quite re-
mote from the practicalities of life. However, in the nineteenth century scientific research began sometimes to
precede engineering application, even suggesting new practical applications. In some cases the more scientific
inquiries opened previously unimagined areas of application, the better resulting practical tools gave scientists
more power to do new research.
3. For at least a century and a half we have lived with the great interdependence of science and engineer-
ing. The two methods of dividing these fields, research and development, are by now old hat.
4. One of the most characteristic features of research and development is the inexorable
growth of technical
project. It starts as a simple, inexpensive activity involving only a few scientists or engineers. Each of them has the
motive either of studying the nature of the universe or of developing something practical. Soon it must reach a stage
when the idea begins to take on more advocates. Now there are more scientists who realize that the idea is the be-
ginning of a fruitful field for scientific investigation. And there are more engineers, industrialists and military men
who realize that the idea, if properly developed, will pay off
in their field of application.
5. Using the power of research and development by scientists and engineers, many new ideas will grow to
a point of size and importance. And then society itself, rather than a few enthusiastic engineers or scientists,
will have to make the judgement of how much more should be done in this field. In our generation the most
characteristic of science and engineering is the need for collective action in making this judgement.
N o t e s : the impact – влияние, воздействие; are apt to – склонны; a club – дубинка; a lever – лом; a bow
– лук; stem (from) – исходить из, брать начало; craftsman – ремесленник; artisan – мастер, ремесленник;
natural philosophy – естествознание; purely – исключительно; inquiry – поиск, исследование; unimagined
– непредвиденный; at least – по меньшей мере; pursue – проводить работы; to be old hat – быть общеиз-
вестным; inexorable – неизбежный, неуклонный; will pay off – даст результат.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и вы-
пишите их:
1. наука;
2. технология;
3. концепция исследования;
4. экспериментальные и теоретические исследования;
5. инженерное изобретение;
6. практические вопросы;

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