Английский язык: Контрольная работа N 2. Рябцева Е.В - 10 стр.

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VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите следующий текст.
ENGINEERING: ART OR SCIENCE
1. Engineers, particularly in the older age, like to think of their work as more of an art than a science. Their
motives are not difficult to understand. Until recently, the Arts had a great deal more social status than science.
And the description of one's work as an art leaves the impression that it depends more on one's personal talents
than on anything to be learnt from others. This has a special attraction for the self-made man. What is more, the
dictionary supports this interpretation, for it defines art as human skill. In this sense, engineering is certainly an
art; but so is chemistry or riding a bicycle. Skill, after all, is needed for practically everything. Thus we have a
spectrum of human activities. An activity can produce extremely gratifying results without using any systematic
knowledge. But science, which is systematic, enables each scientist to build directly upon the work of others.
Science is essentially a social activity while art is based on individual talent. This is not to say that science ex-
cludes talent. Newton and Einstein must be granted as much personal genius as any artist. However, the inesti-
mable value of science is that the systematic combination of many individual contributions adds up to a great
deal more than their arithmetic sum.
2. This, then, is a background against which we must decide whether today engineering is an art or a sci-
ence. It is necessary to admit that a century ago it would have been foolish to call it anything but an art or craft
.
Though scientific revolution had preceded an industrial one, the early engineers knew little and cared less about
formal science.
3. But by 1860 physics and chemistry, at least, were beginning to catch up with engineering, as biology
was catching up with medicine. The German chemical industry was perhaps the first to introduce science-based
engineering, with well-known results. Since then advances in many branches of engineering without a sound
base in science have become almost unthinkable.
VII. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний и вы-
пишите их:
1. до недавнего времени;
2. вызывать ощущение;
3. человек, обязанный всем самому себе;
4. умение;
5. положительные результаты;
6. личный вклад;
7. ремесло;
8. научная и индустриальная революция;
9. химическая индустрия;
10. различные отрасли.
VIII. Найдите в первом абзаце текста предложение, содержащее прилагательное в сравнитель-
ной степени. Выпишите это предложение, подчеркните прилагательное, укажите его положитель-
ную и превосходную степень и переведите это предложение.
IX. Найдите в 1, 2 абзацах текста пять случаев употребления модальных глаголов или их эквива-
лентов. Выпишите эти предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты и письменно
переведите предложения на русский язык.
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.
XI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.
1. What has a special attraction for the self-made man
?
2. What is the difference between art and science from the point of view of systematic knowledge?
3. Why would it have been foolish to call engineering anything but an art or craft
a century ago?
4. What was perhaps the first to introduce science-based engineering?
В а р и а н т № 3

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