Методические указания по общей и неорганической химии для студентов геологического факультета. Семенов В.Н - 11 стр.

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ВГУ | Воронеж

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11
Ihkl_i_gb^bkkhpbZpbbwe_dljheblumkeh\gh^_eylkygZkbevgu_α > 30 %)
bkeZ[u_α < 3 %).
Kl_i_gvwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbaZ\bkblhlijbjh^uwe_dljheblZb
jZkl\hjbl_eyl_fi_jZlmjubdhgp_gljZpbbjZkl\hjZ
We_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbydZdh[jZlbfucijhp_kkih^qbgy_lkyaZdhgm
^_ckl\mxsbofZkkbdhebq_kl\_ggh^eyjZkl\hjh\keZ[uo we_dljheblh\jZ\gh\_kb_
fh`ghoZjZdl_jbah\ZlvdhgklZglhc^bkkhpbZpbb.
>eyj_Zdpbb.$↔ K
+
+ A
-
K
= [K
+
]•[ A
-
] / [KA],
]^_>.
+
], [ A
-
], [KA] –
fheyjgu_dhgp_gljZpbbdhfihg_glh\
DhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbaZ\bkblhlijbjh^uwe_dljheblZbl_fi_jZlmjubg_
aZ\bkblhldhgp_gljZpbbK\yavf_`^mkl_i_gvxbdhgklZglhcbhgbaZpbb\ujZ`Z
_lkynhjfmehc
K = α
2
C / (1- α )
Wlhkhhlghr_gb_gZau\Z_lkyaZdhghfjZa[Z\e_gbyHkl\Zev^Z
<h^Z y\ey_lky hq_gv keZ[uf we_dljheblhf b ^bkkhpbbjm_l \ khhl\_lkl\bb k
mjZ\g_gb_f
H
2
O
↔
H
+
+ OH
-
DhgklZglZ ijhp_kkZ ^bkkhpbZpbb \h^ufh`_l [ulv ij_^klZ\e_gZ dZd.
= [H
+
]
[OH
-
] / [H
2
2@Hij_^_eblvdhgklZglm^bkkhpbZpbbfh`ghwdki_jbf_glZevghih\_
ebqbg_we_dljhijh\h^ghklb- K
= 1,8 10
-16
KqblZydhgp_gljZpbxg_^bkkhpbbjh
\Zgguofhe_dme>+
2
2@jZ\ghcdhebq_kl\mfhe_c\h^u\efh`ghhp_gblvlZd
gZau\Z_fh_bhggh_ijhba\_^_gb_\h^u
K
w
= [H
+
] [OH
-
] = 10
-14
>eyqbklhc\h^u
[H
+
] = [OH
-
] = 10
-7
fheve<jZkl\hjZodbkehl>+
+
] > 10
-7
fheveZ\jZkl\hjZos_
ehq_c>+
+
] < 10
-7
fheveIhwlhfmdhgp_gljZpbybhgh\\h^hjh^Z\jZkl\hj_fh`_l
kem`blvf_jhcdbkehlghklbkj_^u
Dhebq_kl\_ggh dbkehlghklv kj_^u m^h[gh oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv ijb ihfhsb \h
^hjh^gh]hihdZaZl_eyS+dhlhjuchij_^_ey_lkykhhlghr_gb_f
pH = - lg [H
+
].
p+ ^eyg_cljZevgh]hjZkl\hjZ\dbkehckj_^_S+\s_ehqghcS+!
< jZkl\hjZo kbevgu_ we_dljheblu gZoh^ylky \ \b^_ bhgh\ gZ dhlhju_ hgb
^bkkhpbbjmxlbj_Zdpbb\jZkl\hjZoijhl_dZxlf_`^mbhgZfbIhwlhfm^eygbo
ijZ\bevgh aZibku\Zlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ bhgghf \b^_
 dh]^Z \ fhe_dmeyjghc
nhjf_ aZibku\Zxlkylhevdh ljm^ghjZkl\hjbfu_ b keZ[h^bkkhpbbjh\Zggu_kh_^b
g_gbyZlZd`_]Zaul_l_\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_bebkh\k_fg_^Zxlbeb^Zxl\fZ
ehfdhebq_kl\_bhgu\jZkl\hj_GZijbf_jmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^moehjb^hf
[ZjbybkmevnZlhfgZljby\khdjZs_gghf\b^_aZibku\Z_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
= BaSO
4
↓.
Bhggh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ jZkl\hjZo fZehjZkl\hjbfuo kh_^bg_gbc hibku\Z_lky
ijhba\_^_gb_fjZkl\hjbfhklbIJLZddZdZ[khexlghg_jZkl\hjbfuo\_s_kl\
\ijbjh^_g_llhf_`^mhkZ^dhfgZijbf_jljm^ghjZkl\hjbfhckhebb__bhgZfb
\ jZkl\hj_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky jZ\gh\_kb_ dhlhjh_ oZjZdl_jbam_lky dhgklZglhc jZ\
                                             11


       Ihkl_i_gb^bkkhpbZpbbwe_dljheblumkeh\gh^_eylkygZkbevgu_ α > 30 %)
bkeZ[u_ α < 3 %).
       Kl_i_gvwe_dljheblbq_kdhc^bkkhpbZpbbaZ\bkblhlijbjh^uwe_dljheblZb
jZkl\hjbl_eyl_fi_jZlmjubdhgp_gljZpbbjZkl\hjZ
       We_dljheblbq_kdZy^bkkhpbZpbydZdh[jZlbfucijhp_kkih^qbgy_lkyaZdhgm
^_ckl\mxsbofZkkbdhebq_kl\_ggh^eyjZkl\hjh\keZ[uo we_dljheblh\jZ\gh\_kb_
fh`ghoZjZdl_jbah\ZlvdhgklZglhc^bkkhpbZpbb.
       >eyj_Zdpbb.$↔ K+ + A-
                                   K^bk = [K+]•[ A-] / [KA],
]^_>.+], [ A-], [KA] –fheyjgu_dhgp_gljZpbbdhfihg_glh\
       DhgklZglZ^bkkhpbZpbbaZ\bkblhlijbjh^uwe_dljheblZbl_fi_jZlmjubg_
aZ\bkblhldhgp_gljZpbbK\yavf_`^mkl_i_gvxbdhgklZglhcbhgbaZpbb\ujZ`Z
_lkynhjfmehc
                                       K = α2 C / (1- α )
       Wlhkhhlghr_gb_gZau\Z_lkyaZdhghfjZa[Z\e_gbyHkl\Zev^Z
       +22@ jZ\ghcdhebq_kl\mfhe_c\h^u\efh`ghhp_gblvlZd
gZau\Z_fh_bhggh_ijhba\_^_gb_\h^u Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10-14>eyqbklhc\h^u
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7fheve<jZkl\hjZodbkehl>++] > 10-7fheveZ\jZkl\hjZos_
ehq_c>++] < 10-7fheveIhwlhfmdhgp_gljZpbybhgh\\h^hjh^Z\jZkl\hj_fh`_l
kem`blvf_jhcdbkehlghklbkj_^u
       Dhebq_kl\_ggh dbkehlghklv kj_^u m^h[gh oZjZdl_jbah\Zlv ijb ihfhsb \h
^hjh^gh]hihdZaZl_eyS+dhlhjuchij_^_ey_lkykhhlghr_gb_f
                                        pH = - lg [H+].
p+ ^eyg_cljZevgh]hjZkl\hjZ\dbkehckj_^_S+\s_ehqghcS+!
       < jZkl\hjZo kbevgu_ we_dljheblu gZoh^ylky \ \b^_ bhgh\  gZ dhlhju_ hgb
^bkkhpbbjmxlbj_Zdpbb\jZkl\hjZoijhl_dZxlf_`^mbhgZfbIhwlhfm^eygbo
ijZ\bevgh aZibku\Zlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ bhgghf \b^_  dh]^Z \ fhe_dmeyjghc
nhjf_ aZibku\Zxlky lhevdh ljm^ghjZkl\hjbfu_ b keZ[h^bkkhpbbjh\Zggu_ kh_^b
g_gbyZlZd`_]Zaul_l_\_s_kl\Zdhlhju_bebkh\k_fg_^Zxlbeb^Zxl\fZ
ehfdhebq_kl\_bhgu\jZkl\hj_GZijbf_jmjZ\g_gb_j_Zdpbbf_`^moehjb^hf
[ZjbybkmevnZlhfgZljby\khdjZs_gghf\b^_aZibku\Z_lkyke_^mxsbfh[jZahf
                                   Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 ↓.
       Bhggh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ jZkl\hjZo fZehjZkl\hjbfuo kh_^bg_gbc hibku\Z_lky
ijhba\_^_gb_f jZkl\hjbfhklb IJ LZddZdZ[khexlghg_jZkl\hjbfuo\_s_kl\
\ijbjh^_g_llhf_`^mhkZ^dhfgZijbf_jljm^ghjZkl\hjbfhckhebb__bhgZfb
\ jZkl\hj_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky jZ\gh\_kb_  dhlhjh_ oZjZdl_jbam_lky dhgklZglhc jZ\

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