Традиции, обычаи и праздники Китая (Traditions, Customs and Festivals of China). Сухомлинова С.И - 12 стр.

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11
6. The official script appeared in the period of Emperior Qin Shi
Huang government.
7. Cheng Miao changed the curly strokes of the official script into
straight and angular ones.
8. The standard writing today is round in form, non-cursive and
architectural in style.
9. Lishu is used for making quick but rough copies.
10. Monk Zhiyong blackened in his childhood all the water of the
pond in front of his house by washing the writing implements in it
after his daily exercises.
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is understood in China as the art of writing with the
brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. It is
peculiar to China and the few countries influenced by ancient Chinese
culture.
In the history of Chinese art, calligraphy has always been held in
equal importance to painting. Great attention is also paid today to its
development by holding exhibitions of ancient and contemporary
works and by organizing competitions among youngsters and people
from various walks of life. Sharing of experience in this field often
makes a feature in Sino-Japanese culture exchange.
Chinese calligraphy, like the script itself, began with the
hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed
various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the
heritage of national culture.
Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories: the
seal character, the official or clerical script, the regular script, the
running hand and the cursive hand.
1. The seal character or zhuan script was the earliest form of
writing after the oracle inscriptions, which must have caused great
inconvenience because they lacked uniformity and many characters
were written in various forms. The first effort for the unification of
writing, it is said, took place during the reign of King Xuan ( 827-782
B.C.) of the Western Zhou Dynasty, when his taishi (grand historian)
Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 chapters, standardizing Chinese
writing under script called zhuan. This script, often used in seals is
translated into English as the seal character, or as the curly script
after the shape of its strokes. 
6. The o ffic ia l script appeared in the pe riod o f Emp erio r Q in Sh i
Hua ng go ve rnme nt.
7. Che ng M iao cha nged t he c urly strokes of t he o ffic ia l script into
straight a nd angular o nes.
8. The sta nda rd writ ing toda y is ro und in fo rm, no n-c urs ive a nd
architect ura l in st yle.
9. Lishu is used fo r ma k ing q uick b ut ro ugh cop ies.
10. Monk Zhiyo ng b lacke ned in his c hild hood a ll t he water o f t he
pond in fro nt o f his ho use b y washing t he writ ing i mp le me nts in it
after his daily e xe rc ises.

                                     Calligra phy
       Calligrap hy is understood in C hina as the art of writ ing w it h t he
brus h or t he st ud y o f t he rules and tec hniq ues o f t his a rt. It is
peculia r to C hina a nd t he few co untries influe nced b y a nc ie nt C hinese
cult ure.
       In t he hist ory o f C hinese art, callig rap hy has a lwa ys bee n he ld i n
equa l imp orta nce to pa int ing. Grea t attent io n is also pa id toda y to its
deve lo p me nt b y ho ld ing e xhib it io ns o f a nc ie nt a nd co nte mpo rar y
works a nd b y orga niz ing co mpe t it ions a mo ng yo ungs ters a nd peop le
fro m vario us wa lks o f life. Sharin g o f e xperie nce in t his fie ld o fte n
makes a feat ure in Sino -Japa nese cult ure e xc ha nge.
       Chinese ca lligrap hy, like t he script itse lf, be ga n w it h t he
hie ro glyp hs a nd, o ver t he lo ng ages o f e vo lut io n, has de ve lo ped
vario us st yles a nd sc hoo ls, co nst it ut ing a n i mporta nt pa rt o f t he
herita ge o f nat io na l c ult ure.
       Chinese scripts are ge ne ra lly d ivided int o five categories : t he
seal c haracte r, t he o ffic ia l or c lerica l script, t he re gula r script, t he
running ha nd a nd t he c urs ive ha nd.
       1. The sea l c ha racter or zhu an sc ript was t he earliest form o f
writ ing a fte r t he orac le inscrip t io ns, w hic h must ha ve ca used great
inco nve nie nce because t he y lacke d unifor mit y a nd ma ny c haracters
were writte n in vario us for ms. The first e ffort for t he unificat io n o f
writ ing, it is sa id, too k p lace d urin g t he re ign o f King X ua n ( 827 -782
B.C.) of t he Western Zho u D ynast y, when his taishi (gra nd historia n)
Shi Zho u co mp iled a le xico n o f 1 5 chapters, standard iz ing C hinese
writ ing unde r scrip t ca lled zhuan. This script, o fte n used in sea ls is
tra ns lated int o Englis h as t he seal cha racter, or as t he c urly scrip t
after t he shape o f its strokes.


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