Традиции, обычаи и праздники Китая (Traditions, Customs and Festivals of China). Сухомлинова С.И - 13 стр.

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Shi Zhou's lexicon had long been lost, yet it is generally agreed
that the inscriptions on the drum-shaped Qin stone blocks were
basically of the same style as the old zhuan script.
When, in 221 B.C., Emperior Qin Shi Huang unified the whole of
China under one central government, he ordered his Prime Minister Li
Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing hitherto
prevalent in different parts of the country under one system. What Li
did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient zhuan script.
Today we have a most valuable relic of this ancient writing in the
creator Li Si's own hand engraved on a stele standing in the temple to
the God of Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. The 2,200-year-
old stele, worn by age and weather, has only nine and a half characters
left on it.
2. The official script (lishu) came in the same short-lived Qin
Dynasty (221-207 B.C.). This, though simplified form of script, was
still complicated for scribers in various government offices who had to
copy an increasing amount of documents. Cheng Miao, a prison
warden, made its further simplification, changing the curly strokes
into straight and angular ones and thus making writing much easier.
According to one version it was named lishu because li in classical
Chinese meant "clerk" or "scriber". Another version says that Cheng
Miao, because of certain offence, became a prisoner and a slave
himself; as the ancients also called bound slaves "li", the script was
named lishu or "the script of a slave".
3. The lishu led to the adoption of regular script (kaishu). The
oldest existing example of this dates from Wei (220-265), and the
script developed under the Jin (265-420). The standard writing today
is square in form, non-cursive and architectural in style. The
characters are composed of a number of strokes out of a total of eight
kinds – the dot, the horizontal, the vertical, the hook, the rising, the
left-falling strokes. Any aspirant for the status of calligrapher must
start by learning to write a good hand in kaishu.
4. On the basis of lishu also evolved grass writing or cursive
hand (caoshu), which is rapid and used for making quick but rough
copies. This style is subdivided into two schools: zhang-cao and
jincao.
The first of these emerged at the time the Qin was replaced by
the Han Dynasty between the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. The 
       Shi Zho u's le xico n had lo ng bee n lost, yet it is ge ne ra lly a greed
that t he inscript io ns o n t he drum-s haped Q in sto ne b locks were
basica lly o f t he sa me style as t he old zhuan script.
       Whe n, in 221 B.C., Empe rior Q in Shi Hua ng unifie d t he w ho le o f
China under o ne ce nt ra l go ve rnme nt, he orde red his Prime M iniste r Li
Si to co llect a nd sort o ut a ll t he d i ffere nt s yste ms o f w rit ing hit he rto
pre va le nt in d iffere nt parts o f t he country unde r o ne syste m. What Li
did, in e ffect, was to simp lify t he anc ie nt zhuan scrip t.
       Toda y we ha ve a most va luab le re lic of t his a nc ie nt writ ing in t he
creator Li Si's ow n ha nd e ngra ved on a ste le sta nd ing in t he te mp le t o
the God o f Ta is ha n Mo unta in in Shando ng Pro vince. The 2,200 -year-
old ste le, worn b y a ge a nd weat her, has o nly nine a nd a ha lf c haracters
le ft o n it.
       2. The o ffic ia l scrip t (l ishu) ca me in t he sa me s hort -lived Q i n
Dynast y (2 21-2 07 B.C.). This, t ho ugh s imp lified form o f script, was
still co mp licated fo r scribers in various go vern me nt o ffices who had t o
copy a n inc reasing a mo unt o f do cume nts. Che ng M iao, a priso n
warde n, made its furt her s imp lific atio n, c ha nging t he curly stro kes
into stra ight a nd a ngula r ones a nd thus mak ing writ ing muc h eas ier.
Accord ing to o ne ve rs io n it was na med l ishu because li in c lass ica l
Chinese mea nt "c le rk " or "scriber". Anot her ve rs io n sa ys t hat C he n g
Miao, beca use o f certa in o ffe nce, beca me a priso ne r a nd a sla ve
hi mse lf; as the a nc ie nts also ca lle d bound sla ves "li", t he scrip t was
na med lishu o r "t he script o f a s la ve".
       3. The lishu led to t he adopt io n o f re gular script (kaishu ). The
oldest e xist ing e xa mp le o f t his d ates fro m We i (220 -265 ), a nd t he
scrip t deve loped under t he J in (265 -420). The sta ndard w rit ing t oda y
is sq uare in for m, no n-c urs ive and arc hitect ura l in st yle.               The
characte rs are co mp osed o f a numb er o f strokes out o f a tota l o f e ight
kinds – t he dot, t he ho rizo nta l, t he vert ica l, t he hook, t he ris ing, t he
le ft-fa lling stro kes. Any asp ira nt for t he stat us of ca lligrap her mus t
start by learning to write a good ha nd in kaishu.
       4. On t he basis o f lishu a lso e vo lved grass writ ing or c urs ive
ha nd (caoshu), w hic h is rap id a nd used for mak ing q uick b ut ro ugh
copies. This st yle is s ubd ivided into two sc hoo ls : zhang -cao a nd
jincao.
       The first o f t hese e merged at t he t i me t he Q in was rep laced b y
the Ha n D ynast y bet ween t he 3rd and 2 nd ce nt uries B.C.                    The



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