Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование. Тарасова Л.А - 47 стр.

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47
GRAMMAR
ÑÎÃËÀÑÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)
Ñîãëàñîâàíèå âðåìåí âûðàæàåò çàâèñèìîñòü ñêàçóåìîãî
ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îò ñêàçóåìîãî ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæå-
íèÿ. Ýòà çàâèñèìîñòü ñîáëþäàåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëü-
íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè
ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïðè ýòîì:
1) Ôîðìû Past Indefinite è Past Continuous áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âû-
ðàæåíèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè è ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê
íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì.
Ïðèìåð: He showed that this method was dependable.
Ïåðåâîä: Îí ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ýòîò ìåòîä íàäåæåí.
2) Ôîðìû Past Perfect áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî
âðåìåíè.
Ïðèìåð: We saw that one form of energy had been trans-
formed into another.
Ïåðåâîä: Ìû âèäåëè, ÷òî îäíà ôîðìà ýíåðãèè ïðåâðà-
òèëàñü â äðóãóþ.
3) Ôîðìû Future in the Past (should äëÿ 1-ãî ëèöà åäèí-
ñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà è would äëÿ âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ
ëèö â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà áåç ÷àñòèöû
to) áåðóòñÿ äëÿ dûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè.
Ïðèìåð: He said that the wire cage plus the bird would
weigh only five pounds.
Ïåðåâîä: Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðîâîëî÷íàÿ êëåòêà âìåñòå
ñ ïòèöåé áóäåò âåñèòü òîëüêî ïÿòü ôóíòîâ.
4) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí íå ñîáëþäàþòñÿ, êîãäà
â ïðèäàòî÷íîì äîïîëíèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãîâîðèòñÿ îá îáùåèç-
âåñòíûõ âåùàõ èëè ÿâëåíèÿõ, îáúåêòèâíî ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ïðèðîäå.
Ïðèìåð: At the lecture on chemistry the students were told
that the atom is devisible into still smaller particles.
Ïåðåâîä: Íà ëåêöèè ïî õèìèè ñòóäåíòàì ñîîáùèëè, ÷òî
àòîì äåëèòñÿ íà åùå áîëåå ìåëêèå ÷àñòèöû.
5) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí â îòíîøåíèè îïðå-
äåëèòåëüíûõ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé
ñîáëþäàþòñÿ òîëüêî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà òî, î ÷åì ãîâîðèòñÿ â
ýòèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè.
Ïðèìåð: We translated the article which you had given to us.
Ïåðåâîä: Ìû ïåðåâåëè ñòàòüþ, êîòîðóþ âû íàì äàëè.
                     GRAMMAR
      ÑÎÃËÀÑÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ (SEQUENCE OF TENSES)

      Ñîãëàñîâàíèå âðåìåí âûðàæàåò çàâèñèìîñòü ñêàçóåìîãî
ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îò ñêàçóåìîãî ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæå-
íèÿ. Ýòà çàâèñèìîñòü ñîáëþäàåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ äîïîëíèòåëü-
íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè
ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïðè ýòîì:
      1) Ôîðìû Past Indefinite è Past Continuous áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âû-
ðàæåíèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè è ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê
íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì.
        Ïðèìåð: He showed that this method was dependable.
        Ïåðåâîä: Îí ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ýòîò ìåòîä íàäåæåí.
      2) Ôîðìû Past Perfect áåðóòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî
âðåìåíè.
        Ïðèìåð: We saw that one form of energy had been trans-
                  formed into another.
        Ïåðåâîä: Ìû âèäåëè, ÷òî îäíà ôîðìà ýíåðãèè ïðåâðà-
                  òèëàñü â äðóãóþ.
      3) Ôîðìû Future in the Past (should äëÿ 1-ãî ëèöà åäèí-
ñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà è would äëÿ âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ
ëèö â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà áåç ÷àñòèöû
to) áåðóòñÿ äëÿ dûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè.
        Ïðèìåð: He said that the wire cage plus the bird would
                  weigh only five pounds.
        Ïåðåâîä: Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðîâîëî÷íàÿ êëåòêà âìåñòå
                  ñ ïòèöåé áóäåò âåñèòü òîëüêî ïÿòü ôóíòîâ.
      4) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí íå ñîáëþäàþòñÿ, êîãäà
â ïðèäàòî÷íîì äîïîëíèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãîâîðèòñÿ îá îáùåèç-
âåñòíûõ âåùàõ èëè ÿâëåíèÿõ, îáúåêòèâíî ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ïðèðîäå.
        Ïðèìåð: At the lecture on chemistry the students were told
                  that the atom is devisible into still smaller particles.
        Ïåðåâîä: Íà ëåêöèè ïî õèìèè ñòóäåíòàì ñîîáùèëè, ÷òî
                  àòîì äåëèòñÿ íà åùå áîëåå ìåëêèå ÷àñòèöû.
      5) Ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí â îòíîøåíèè îïðå-
äåëèòåëüíûõ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé
ñîáëþäàþòñÿ òîëüêî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà òî, î ÷åì ãîâîðèòñÿ â
ýòèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè.
        Ïðèìåð: We translated the article which you had given to us.
        Ïåðåâîä: Ìû ïåðåâåëè ñòàòüþ, êîòîðóþ âû íàì äàëè.
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