Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: природопользование. Тарасова Л.А - 6 стр.

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6
GRAMMAR
ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ
Âñå âðåìåíà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå
îáðàçóþòñÿ èç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþ-
ùåì ëèöå, ÷èñëå è âðåìåíè è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå ïðè-
÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II).
Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çà-
ëîãå, îíî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íàä ëè-
öîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, îáîçíà÷åííîì ïîäëåæàùèì äàííîãî ïðåä-
ëîæåíèÿ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîë-ñêàçóåìîå â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì
çàëîãå ÷àùå âñåãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ:
à) Ñî÷åòàíèåì ãëàãîëà «áûòü» ñ êðàòêîé ôîðìîé ïðè÷àñòèÿ.
Ïðèìåð: Heat was transformed into work.
Ïåðåâîä: Òåïëî áûëî ïðåâðàùåíî â ðàáîòó.
á) Ãëàãîëîì ñ îêîí÷àíèåì -ñÿ.
Ïðèìåð: The energy is dissipated in the iron in the form
of heat.
Ïåðåâîä: Ýíåðãèÿ ðàññåèâàåòñÿ â æåëåçå â ôîðìå òåïëà.
â)  íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîëîì â 3-ì
ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà.
Ïðèìåð: A new device for measuring pressure is being
designed now.
Ïåðåâîä: Ñåé÷àñ êîíñòðóèðóþò íîâûé ïðèáîð äëÿ
èçìåðåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ.
Ïðèìåð: The engineer was asked to test the device.
Ïåðåâîä: Èíæåíåðà ïîïðîñèëè èñïûòàòü ìåõàíèçì.
×àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êîíñòðóêöèè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå,
ãäå ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì.
Ïðèìåð: He was told to bring the tools.
Ïåðåâîä: Åìó âåëåëè ïðèíåñòè èíñòðóìåíòû.
Åñëè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî ñòîèò îòäå-
ëÿåìûé ïðåäëîã (òî åñòü ïðåäëîã áåç îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê íåìó ïîñ-
ëåäóþùèõ ñëîâ), òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé
ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ïîäëåæàùåå àíã-
ëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíè-
åì. Åñëè æå ïðåäëîã íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, òî ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâî-
äèòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåä-
ëîãà. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íåîïðå-
äåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè.
                         GRAMMAR
                   ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ

     Âñå âðåìåíà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå
îáðàçóþòñÿ èç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþ-
ùåì ëèöå, ÷èñëå è âðåìåíè è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå ïðè-
÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II).
     Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çà-
ëîãå, îíî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íàä ëè-
öîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, îáîçíà÷åííîì ïîäëåæàùèì äàííîãî ïðåä-
ëîæåíèÿ. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîë-ñêàçóåìîå â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì
çàëîãå ÷àùå âñåãî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ:
     à) Ñî÷åòàíèåì ãëàãîëà «áûòü» ñ êðàòêîé ôîðìîé ïðè÷àñòèÿ.
        Ïðèìåð: Heat was transformed into work.
        Ïåðåâîä: Òåïëî áûëî ïðåâðàùåíî â ðàáîòó.
     á) Ãëàãîëîì ñ îêîí÷àíèåì -ñÿ.
        Ïðèìåð: The energy is dissi pated in the iron in the form
                 of heat.
        Ïåðåâîä: Ýíåðãèÿ ðàññåèâàåòñÿ â æåëåçå â ôîðìå òåïëà.
     â)  íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîëîì â 3-ì
ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà.
        Ïðèìåð: A new device for measuring pressure is being
                 designed now.
        Ïåðåâîä: Ñåé÷àñ êîíñòðóèðóþò íîâûé ïðèáîð äëÿ
                 èçìåðåíèÿ äàâëåíèÿ.
        Ïðèìåð: The engineer was asked to test the device.
        Ïåðåâîä: Èíæåíåðà ïîïðîñèëè èñïûòàòü ìåõàíèçì.
     ×àñòî âñòðå÷àþòñÿ êîíñòðóêöèè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå,
ãäå ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òîëüêî êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì.
        Ïðèìåð: He was told to bring the tools.
        Ïåðåâîä: Åìó âåëåëè ïðèíåñòè èíñòðóìåíòû.
     Åñëè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî ñòîèò îòäå-
ëÿåìûé ïðåäëîã (òî åñòü ïðåäëîã áåç îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê íåìó ïîñ-
ëåäóþùèõ ñëîâ), òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêèé
ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ïîäëåæàùåå àíã-
ëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíè-
åì. Åñëè æå ïðåäëîã íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, òî ïîäëåæàùåå ïåðåâî-
äèòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåä-
ëîãà. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íåîïðå-
äåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè.
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