Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 65 стр.

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Just like adjectives, adverbs can be divided into evaluative and specificative,
connected with the categorial expression of comparison. Each adverb subject to
evaluation grading by degree words expresses the category of comparison. Thus,
not only qualitative adverbs are included into the categorial system of comparison.
Morphological features. As to their word-building structure adverbs may
be non-derived, or simple
(e.g. here, there, now, then, so, quick, why, how, where,
when, very, rather) and derived
(e.g. slowly, sideways, clockwise, homewards,
away, ahead, apart, across). We can also distinguish composite
forms and phrasal
forms of the adverb: sometimes, nowhere, anyhow; at least, at most, at last, to and
fro, upside down. A prolific source of adverbs is the adjective: many –ly adverbs
are transformationally related to respective adjectives. The suffix –ly is a typical
marker of the adverb. However, many adverbs related to adjectives may not be
necessarily used with the suffix –ly, e.g. fast, late, hard, high, clean, clear, close,
loud, tight, firm, quick, right, sharp, slow, wide, etc.
Special mention should be made of preposition-adverb like elements which
form a semantic blend with verbs: to give up, to give in, to give out, to give away,
to give over, etc; to set up, to set in, to set forth, to set down, etc.; to get on, to get
off, to get through, to get about , etc. The verb-adverb combination goes by several
names: two-part verbs, composite verbs, phrasal verbs
. The verbs in such
combinations are mostly one-syllable words; the most common adverbs are those
denoting place, e.g. in, out, on, off, over, up, down, through, etc. Some of the
adverbs may be separated by objective complements, e.g. Please hand in your
papers. vs. Please hand your papers in. Others are non-separable, e.g. John called
on me. vs. *John called me on.
In verb-adverb combinations the second element may:
a) retain its adverbial properties of showing direction (e.g. to go out, to go
in, to go away);
b) change the aspect of the verb, i.e. mark the completeness of the process
(e.g. to eat – to eat up; to stand – to stand up; to sit – to sit down; to lie – to lie
down; to shave – to shave off; to speak – to speak out);

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