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aloud if possible, concentrating all your attention on its sound and
spelling while you are looking for a key word in the vocabulary or
dictionary, (d) when you find it, put a dot (точка) before the word in its
column, (e) turn back to your page, find the last underlined word, and
go on reading. Never write the translation into your language on the
page. Doing so puts the emphasis on the native language equivalent and
not on the English word, which is the word that you must learn. When
you finish your assignment, reread it and see how many of the phrases
containing underlined words you still understand. Look up the words you
haven’t yet learned and put another dot in front of them in the vocabulary
list; look through the vocabulary once a week and make a special effort
to learn the words with several dots. These are your “hard” words. Lear
them now, or you will be spending hours looking them up month after
month, year after year. And go back over your reading material to check
your understanding of the sentences that have underlined words and
phrases.
If you want to learn English well, the skills that you acquire will
be helpful in foreign language learning whenever and wherever you
learn it. You may then have to work with inadequate materials or with
no materials at all and with a person who has had little or no training
as a teacher. But if, in learning English, you have also learned how to
stuffy languages in general, you will be able to apply this skill to study
other languages at any time or place.
Part V. Phrases for Scientific Communication
This section contains recommendations on writing and presentation a
research paper and a scientific report.
Thinking about your Presentation
Answer the questions:
1. What is the topic of the paper you are going to presents?
2. Why are you interested in this particular topic? Do you
always prepare for presentations?
3. What recommendations for making oral presentations do
you find most helpful?
4. Which ones do you always follow?
5. State your purpose – be specific.
6. Identify the central idea of your presentation.
7. List the main points of your presentation.
8. Think of supporting material for each main point.
9. Decide what kinds of visual aids you will use.
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Types of Automation
Manufacturing is one of the most important application areas
for automation technology. There are several types of automation in
manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in
manufacturing are described below.
1. Fixed automation, sometimes called «hard automation»
refers to automated machines in which the equipment
1
configuration
allows fixed sequence
2
of processing operations. These machines are
programmed by their design to make only certain processing
operations. They are not easily changed over from one product style to
another. This form of automation needs high initial
3
investments
4
and
high production rates
5
. That is why it is suitable for products that are
made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining
transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly
machines
6
and certain chemical processes.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for
producing products in large quantities
7
, ranging from several dozen to
several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production
equipment must be re-programmed and changed over. This
reprogramming and changeover take a period of non-productive
8
time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally
lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to
facilitate
9
product changeover
10
rather than for product
specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of
programmable automation. The program is coded in computer
memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is
controlled by the computer program.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation.
Programmable automation requires time to re-program and change
over the production equipment for each series of new product. This is
lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the
number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment
can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the
equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal
without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation
allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after
another.
Vocabulary:
1. equipment — оборудование
2. sequence — последовательность
3. initial — первоначальный, начальный
4. investment — инвестиция, вклад
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